SAN FRANCISCO, May 28 (Xinhua) -- Researchers at Stanford University have combined two research techniques to show how prefrontal brain cells, built specifically to process positive and negative experiences, are distinctly and fundamentally different.
The researchers, led by Karl Deisseroth, a professor of bioengineering and of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, reported their findings in a paper published online in Cell.
The prefrontal cortex, which plays a mysterious yet central role in the mammalian brain, has been linked to mood regulation, and different cells in the prefrontal cortex seem to respond to positive and negative experiences.
How it governs these opposing processes of reward or aversion, however, has been largely unknown.
In the new study, the researchers combine, for the first time, two cutting-edge research techniques, known as optogenetics and CLARITY, developed by Deisseroth.
The first facet of the research involved CLARITY, a remarkable feat of chemical engineering in which the fatty, opaque tissues that constitute an intact, non-living brain are removed, leaving behind a transparent physical structure with all of its parts and wiring exactly in place.
It allowed the researchers to trace specific pathways and "label" specific molecular structures within the brains of the subjects, which in this case were mice. They gave the mice positive or negative stimuli.
Only the neurons that had been strongly active during the experience became labeled -- along with their outgoing connections -- allowing effective tracing of the distinct circuits through the brain.
Using optogenetics, a technique for genetically modifying cells, neurons in this case, in living animals so that their function can be turned on and off with light, the researchers controlled specific neurons that had been active during positive or negative experiences.
The team was able to then evaluate how those particular neurons affect behavioral outcomes.
Those mice had been optogenetically modified so that the cells becoming light sensitive were only those that were most active during the positive or negative experience provided. For instance, the team was able to turn on only the positive-experience-associated cells to observe behavior in the mice.
By pairing the techniques in the same experiment, the team was able to determine not only that the molecular signature of the positive cells was different from those of the negative cells, but also that the positive and negative cells were wired to distant places in the brain in fundamentally differing ways.
"These cells are built differently," said Deisseroth. "They didn't start the same and then change their nature with recent experience. They appear wired specifically to communicate positive or negative experience."
Given the strong linkage between the prefrontal cortex and various psychiatric illness, he said the study opens the possibility in future studies to identify and target different cell types with diverse therapeutic approaches, including drugs or external stimulation techniques.
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Bigger brains mean better problem-solving skills in carnivores: study
WASHINGTON, Jan. 25 (Xinhua) -- Carnivore species with larger brains relative to their body size might have better problem-solving skills, a U.S. study suggested Monday.
Despite decades of research, the relationship between brain size and intelligence remains highly debated. But the new study, published in the U.S. journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, supported the theory that species with brains that are large relative to their body are more intelligent.
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