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9/11
See other 9/11 Articles

Title: Former senator, engineers offer ‘proof’ of 9/11 controlled demolitions
Source: [None]
URL Source: http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/09/ ... rs-911-controlled-demolitions/
Published: Sep 10, 2010
Author: Raw Story
Post Date: 2010-09-10 10:43:08 by Ada
Keywords: None
Views: 15325
Comments: 259

The nine-year-old body of 9/11 conspiracy theories includes many improbable (and sometimes contradictory) claims, everything from remote-controlled planes flying into the World Trade Center, to a missile hitting the Pentagon, to mass kidnappings of air passengers.

But a group of more than 1,200 architects and engineers is building what it hopes is a scientifically sound argument about one 9/11 claim: That the World Trade Center buildings were destroyed not by fires caused by the airplane collisions, but by a controlled demolition.

At a press conference in Washington DC, Thursday, the group Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth offered evidence "that all three WTC skyscrapers on September 11, 2001, in NYC were destroyed by explosive controlled demolition."

The third building the group referred to was World Trade Center 7, a skyscraper that collapsed about eight hours after the main WTC towers fell. For many 9/11 "truthers," WTC7's collapse despite not being hit by a plane is the "smoking gun" proving that something other than airplanes brought down the towers. The WTC7 collapse was not addressed in the official 9/11 Commission report.

"That building fell completely into its own footprint," blogger Andrew Steele told WKTV in Utica. "You can watch on YouTube yourself and use your own common sense. Even if you don't have a scientific background ... if you have two eyes, you can see that fire alone did not bring down that building."

His claims, and those of the 1,270 architects and engineers who have signed on to the effort, were bolstered by the support of former Alaska Sen. Mike Gravel, who said in a press release that "critically important evidence has come forward after the original government building reports were completed."

Gravel has been concerned with the events of September 11, 2001, for some time now. He has called for an independent investigation into 9/11.

"Unlike the first investigation, this commission should be granted subpoena power and full access to all governmental files and personnel," Gravel wrote. "George Bush should be forced to testify ALONE."

San Francisco architect Richard Gage said the way the towers collapsed was consistent with a controlled demolition, not a chaotic structural collapse.

"The official FEMA and NIST reports provide insufficient, contradictory, and fraudulent accounts of the circumstances of the towers' destruction," Gage said. "We are therefore calling for a grand jury investigation of NIST officials."

But Gage added that "government investigators at the NIST have been forced to acknowledge the free-fall descent, an indicting fact, after being presented with analysis by AE911Truth petition signers."

On its Web site, the architects' and engineers' group lists facts that suggest explosives were used to take down the towers.

-- Rapid onset of "collapse" -- Sounds of explosions at ground floor - a second before the building's destruction -- Symmetrical "structural failure" -- through the path of greatest resistance -- at free-fall acceleration -- Massive volume of expanding pyroclastic dust clouds -- Expert corroboration from the top European Controlled Demolition professional -- FEMA finds rapid oxidation and intergranular melting on structural steel samples

WTC7 exhibited none of the characteristics of destruction by fire, i.e. -- Slow onset with large visible deformations -- Asymmetrical collapse which follows the path of least resistance (laws of conservation of momentum would cause a falling, to the side most damaged by the fires) -- High-rise buildings with much larger, hotter, and longer lasting fires have never "collapsed". Debunking9/11, a Web site devoted to disproving the claims of 9/11 "truthers," argues that no aircraft was needed to bring down WTC7, because "while building 7 wasn't hit by an airliner, it was hit by the large perimeter columns of the Tower collapse. It was 400 ft away but the towers were more than 1300 ft tall. As the tower peeled open, it easily tilted over to reach building 7."

"Truthers" and debunkers have been arguing for years over whether the scant photographic evidence of WTC7's south side after the main towers' collapse shows enough damage to justify the building's collapse.

"All the buildings just as far away from both towers as WTC7 were hit," Debunking9/11 asserts. "The others were either very short buildings which didn't have to support a massive load above or had no fire. Only Building 7 had unfought fires and the massive load of 40 stories above them."

"Justice for all."

What's wrong with calling for a transparent, internationally-supported investigation? I want to know what happened that day to all of those buildings, and I want the chain of events that happened up to their collapse. Don't care how ugly the truth is, I just want to know. Why is asking for an independent investigation so bad?

I'm not an engineering expert, but ALL of the buildings collapsing (WTC 1, 2, 7) look just like every other controlled demolition video I've seen from around the world. The pieces of the day's events (NORAD, Bin Laden's family being sent out, etc) don't fit together right. It just smells fishy.

Who got fired for not doing their job? Who went to jail for criminal negligence? People of authority responding "nothing to see here, move along" aren't helping convince me that what we're being told is the truth. I just want to see Justice.

Isn't wanting "Justice for all" patriotic?

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Begin Trace Mode for Comment # 162.

#1. To: Ada (#0)

Former senator, Mike Gravel. What a media-hungry nutjob. I do actually know someone who sent $10 to his presidential campaign which does prove that even nutjobs, with publicity, can rake in money from the public no matter how nuts they are.

During his "campaign" for president, he went back to NYC where he drove a cab back in the Fifties and took out a classic Yellow Cab. He was promptly involved in a collision.

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-10   10:52:29 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#10. To: TooConservative, Ada, Ada, Richard Gage, 4, Lod, wudidiz (#1)

“First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.” M. Ghandi

Hey, doesn't this guy know we are way past stage two, the fighting has begun, and the "W" is in sight. Peace.

Lysander_Spooner  posted on  2010-09-10   16:28:56 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#12. To: Lysander_Spooner (#10)

Hey, doesn't this guy know we are way past stage two, the fighting has begun, and the "W" is in sight. Peace.

Actually, you have reached the point where everyone knows to avoid you, change the topic if you try to talk about 9/11, etc.

The 9/11 Truth movement peaked 3-4 years ago, part of the Bush-hate peddled by the old elements of the "professional Left", namely the old academic commie ideologues that led the "antiwar" movement (but think Obongo-war is just fine).

The future of the Truther movement is declining numbers, an ongoing stream of literature by clever con-men to peddle to the faithful as the decades unfold until all of you die off around 2070 or so.

These conspiracy groups are like cults. One key difference is that they do not have a single leader but have many nutjob leaders. It is a form of cultism that is personally defined, not under rigid central control.

This tends to make the cult members evaluate everyone around them in light of whether they assent to their Truth or not. It can become their entire way of relating to other human beings.

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-10   16:49:24 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#66. To: TooConservative (#12)

The future of the Truther movement is declining numbers, an ongoing stream of literature by clever con-men to peddle to the faithful as the decades unfold until all of you die off around 2070 or so.

These conspiracy groups are like cults.

yeah, just like those who still continue to talk about the Kennedy assassination, huh? i believe that the 9/11 truth movement is global and that only those working for government in some capacity or another and have their selfish asses to protect are the majority of those who continue to believe the government CONSPIRACY.

con•spir•a•cy
1 : the act of conspiring together
2 a : an agreement among conspirators b : a group of conspirators syn see plot

christine  posted on  2010-09-14   12:11:08 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#69. To: christine (#66)

yeah, just like those who still continue to talk about the Kennedy assassination, huh?

Exactly like that, yes. Do you want to buy into the Cubans or the Mafia or the CIA or Mossad or...well...one of the dozen or so other major theories about JFK out there? And many of them are totally ridiculous, presenting the kind of "evidence" you'd expect to find about some story in National Enquirer about some woman who got pregnant with Elvis' baby when she was abducted by a UFO in a three-way with Bigfoot.

i believe that the 9/11 truth movement is global

No doubt, it is stronger overseas where expectations of gross government corruption and criminality are visible on a daily basis. Especially in the Third World.

This is essentially another false numbers idea that is popular but entirely false.

It doesn't matter who believes what or how many. The truth is the truth and you have to have evidence, not a pack of con-men spinning nonsense for gullible people wherever they are located around the world. I, for one, don't give a rat's ass what people as ignorant as the Afghans or the Egyptians or the Nigerians or Kenyans think about anything (since I would first have to care that these medieval barbarians even exist).

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-14   12:31:36 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#73. To: TooConservative (#69)

This is essentially another false numbers idea that is popular but entirely false.

What evidence is there that 9/11 was perpetrated by the 19 named individuals?

Hint: Some of them are still alive and well, and have been reported as such in the world press.

The manuevers performed by the aircraft that day could NOT have been performed by somebody who never flew a jet in their lives, yet NONE of them had ever flown a jet, and not one of them was even a mediocre pilot.

FormerLurker  posted on  2010-09-14   13:23:23 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#103. To: FormerLurker, christine, Cynicom (#73)

The manuevers performed by the aircraft that day could NOT have been performed by somebody who never flew a jet in their lives, yet NONE of them had ever flown a jet, and not one of them was even a mediocre pilot.

Not that I want to discuss it in detail but I've long mused that it would be quite possible for a single aircraft electronics technician familiar with the autopilot-GPS systems to hack out a program that could be uploaded into the aircraft systems by a terrorist in only a few moments (while an unskilled pilot held the stick steady in flight while safely thousands of feet in the air) and you could program the aircraft to fly quite precisely to its target, no expert human terminal guidance would be required. None.

Hackers aren't that hard to find. These aircraft systems don't have a fraction of the security put into an iPad/iPhone/iPod or an Xbox or a PS3 yet the hackers manage to break those quite routinely despite the fact that they are protected against hacking by good hardware design and encryption keys in excess of 1024 bits. Even the original Xbox had 1024-bit encryption.

Yet, despite the obvious facts about how you could reprogram the very sophisticated and capable guidance systems, Truthers insist on ranting endlessly that is isn't possible for those pilots to fly, especially the terminal phase, of these attacks. Yet there is another ready explanation: hacked guidance systems.

They could have carried an ordinary device like a laptop or a cellphone or a even a calculator to do this. Recently, the PS3 was finally broken by the hackers who discovered that they could build a USB device with its own microcontroller that could be plugged into the USB port on the front of the PS3. This controller exploits the fact that, at boot time, the PS3 is vulnerable to its USB port which can (essentially) seize control of the PS3 and defeat all its other formidable protections against hacking. After they demonstrated the USB device and started selling them all over the world, they found other ways to do the same thing, including this technique they came up with last week to use a TI-84 calculator with a USB cable to hack their PS3's. (These are people who won't be happy until they can use a toaster to reprogram their PS3 and their cellphones.)

And if you have 1.5B people and their talents to draw on, you have a lot of clever hackers and engineers. Then all you need is just one device to hack, even if it is in a cave in Af-Pak too. Then they take the cockpit and hold the stick steady while they reprogram the plane's autopilot and enable it to start it flying toward its destination.

This way, you could make an airliner behave just like a missile. You could program it the autopilot to guide the plane into the Pentagon only a few feet off the ground, just as the video tapes (obtained by FOIA requests in 2006) showed the plane hitting the building.

But of course, such obviously plausible ideas are not in vogue. Can't compete with nano-thermite, UFO technology, dark matter, antigravity, energy weapons and whatever new genius idea some Truther is peddling this week.

And gooberment naturally would not this revealed but it would lead people to (rightly) question the security of all our vital systems from health care to the national power grid to our defense networks and all the rest. So one oft-debated aspect of 9/11 can be readily explained (including the gooberment's motivation for suppressing such disturbing information). In fact, the DIA is operating in suppressing all copies of this new book in exactly the way you would expect.

I think the gooberment prefers us to think they're evil and/or LIHOPpy or MIHOPpy than realize just how incompetent they really are.

Sorry I didn't hit Post, wrote this a couple of hours back but got called to lunch and autumn chores.

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-14   16:05:42 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#106. To: TooConservative (#103)

Not that I want to discuss it in detail but I've long mused that it would be quite possible for a single aircraft electronics technician familiar with the autopilot-GPS systems to hack out a program that could be uploaded into the aircraft systems by a terrorist in only a few moments (while an unskilled pilot held the stick steady in flight while safely thousands of feet in the air) and you could program the aircraft to fly quite precisely to its target, no expert human terminal guidance would be required. None.

Problem with that theory is several fold.

First off, the NTSB reports that the autopilot was turned off as Flight 77 approached Washington DC.

Secondly, it is not obvious HOW to enable or disable autopilot, it is a function of the flight management computer. Hani Hanjour, the alleged "pilot", never trained on a 757 simulator, nor was he even capable of flying a Cessna, let alone a multi-engine jumbo jet.

Finally, not even a highly trained professional pilot can negate the laws of physics and aerodynamics, and not only did the plane fly too low at too high of a speed to be able to hit the Pentagon nose first and flying level, but there is no evidence that a 757 hit the Pentagon since the windows aren't broken where the wings would have struck at 500+ mph.

My hypothesis includes the following theories;

a) The crews and passengers of all "hijacked" aircraft were subdued and/or neutralized with chemical agents such as nerve gas pumped into the ventilation systems.

b) The planes were taken over by remote control, as you suggest.

c) Regardless of whether the actual "hijacked" planes struck the World Trade Center towers, or some other specially equipped aircraft made to LOOK like those hijacked planes, they weren't being flown by "angry arabs", some of whom are still alive to this day.

d) Whatever struck the Pentagon was NOT a 757, thus NOT Flight 77.

What it comes down to is that the "official" story is pure BS, and the media as well as the government are complicit in the ONGOING coverup.

FormerLurker  posted on  2010-09-14   16:17:40 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#112. To: FormerLurker (#106)

First off, the NTSB reports that the autopilot was turned off as Flight 77 approached Washington DC.

The autopilot or another hackable system could be hacked for this.

Secondly, it is not obvious HOW to enable or disable autopilot, it is a function of the flight management computer. Hani Hanjour, the alleged "pilot", never trained on a 757 simulator, nor was he even capable of flying a Cessna, let alone a multi-engine jumbo jet.

But he could have held the stick while the autopilot and one or more flight control computers were reprogrammed. These devices undoubtedly use solid-state memory for their OS (flashable memory) like your computer or cellphone do.

Finally, not even a highly trained professional pilot can negate the laws of physics and aerodynamics, and not only did the plane fly too low at too high of a speed to be able to hit the Pentagon nose first and flying level, but there is no evidence that a 757 hit the Pentagon since the windows aren't broken where the wings would have struck at 500+ mph.

But a reprogrammed autopilot could certainly do so. These planes have exceptionally sophisticated autopilot systems and the flight characteristics of these aircraft are extremely well-documented. Again, some of this would require access to internal data from the aircraft manufacturer but much of it could be computed manually or drawn from sources at maintenance depots.

a) The crews and passengers of all "hijacked" aircraft were subdued and/or neutralized with chemical agents such as nerve gas pumped into the ventilation systems.

I have considered this (or just causing the cabin pressure and emergency air supply to fail, smothering the crew and passengers and possibly even the hijackers as well. The problem is that you probably want the terrorist with minimal piloting skills to remain alive to the last moment so he could re-target the aircraft to a very large and impressive target if he realized the hacked autopilot could not hit the target accurately. And then you would have to fake the cell phone calls from the passengers and so on. No, it gets too complicated, not plausible.

b) The planes were taken over by remote control, as you suggest.

Not remotely. Hacked with a portable kit, maybe in a cellphone or iPod, carried onboard by the terrorists.

c) Regardless of whether the actual "hijacked" planes struck the World Trade Center towers, or some other specially equipped aircraft made to LOOK like those hijacked planes, they weren't being flown by "angry arabs", some of whom are still alive to this day.

Prove it. Produce these terrorists. Not vague rumors or scanty and unsubstantiated reports from goofball newspapers in the Third World. I require evidence when you make these claims. And since you guys have already discredited yourselves with these claims so many times already, don't post 20 of your crappy homemade YouTubes and then get mad because I won't give you hours of my life just to view the same bilge you've tried to pawn off for years.

d) Whatever struck the Pentagon was NOT a 757, thus NOT Flight 77.

I believe the evidence supports that it was Flight 77. I've read all these objections that it wasn't a 757 and I find them ridiculous. Moreover, you ignore that these airliners could be autopiloted with high reliability so why would you send a missile that you would have to risk wouldn't pass muster as a fake airliner when you could just send the airliner? You'd have to kill or disappear the passengers or crew anyway and you'd have to take a chance that even if flying under radar, some pilot or bystander would notice you flying or landing that 757 at an airbase or crashing it into a lake or whatever and you'd still have to obliterate the evidence. It makes no sense at all, not that that bothers most Truthers a bit.

Some of you don't realize that when you mix plausible or possible explanations and alternative theories with wild conspiracy theories that make no sense, it discredits even the questions raised that are valid. This is the kind of thing where you can be your own worst enemy when it comes to convincing people of your theories in numbers large enough to make a difference.

BTW, I believe that some of the Truther celebs and leaders are con-men and are likely in the pay of FBI/CIA/etc. simply to discredit the entire Truther movement. Classic agentes provocateurs, FBI style. Very useful and flexible tactics to use against unsophisticated opponents.

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-14   16:35:39 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#114. To: TooConservative (#112)

The autopilot or another hackable system could be hacked for this.

If these guys were such experts, they wouldn't need to even physically be on those aircraft.

FormerLurker  posted on  2010-09-14   16:43:11 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#118. To: FormerLurker (#114)

If these guys were such experts, they wouldn't need to even physically be on those aircraft.

They wouldn't be experts or hackers. They would be carrying a preprogrammed hacking device (laptop, cellphone, calculator, iPod or even a small unclad circuit board).

You could always suborn ground crew at the originating terminals to hack the flight computer and autopilot at the airport before departure. I tend to think that you would want a jihadi with very rudimentary piloting skills to steer to a really large alternative target if the hacked autopilot couldn't get the job done. This is important because you would know that security would get much tighter following an attack and you would not get such an easy chance at such an attack ever again.

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-14   16:48:39 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#120. To: TooConservative (#118)

They wouldn't be experts or hackers. They would be carrying a preprogrammed hacking device (laptop, cellphone, calculator, iPod or even a small unclad circuit board).

I'm talking about the people behind the attacks. Why bother with crazy arabs if you can do it with a chip?

The level of sophistation required is well beyond simple hacking of a iPod or other such device. In order to hack something, you need the real thing available in order to even attempt to find a way to hack it.

I doubt they had 757's sitting on the ground at their disposal, well, not those 19 "angry arabs" at least.

FormerLurker  posted on  2010-09-14   16:51:48 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#127. To: FormerLurker (#120)

I'm talking about the people behind the attacks. Why bother with crazy arabs if you can do it with a chip?

You need a rudimentary backup in case your hacking and programming proves inadequate in practice because you'll never again get such a good chance to attack this easily.

The level of sophistation required is well beyond simple hacking of a iPod or other such device. In order to hack something, you need the real thing available in order to even attempt to find a way to hack it.

I would be very surprised if you had 1024-bit (or greater) encryption methods and hardware protection of these systems. Industrial systems are never as state of the art as even a PS3 or Xbox or some cellphones. This is why members of Congress routinely refer to the dangers of computer systems being hacked, because these systems are often wide open.

They are hackable. No box can be built that is unhackable. Period. When we start doing location-based quantum encryption, maybe we can get away from that but at present no system is totally secure. There is only "more secure" and "less secure". The rest is just applying enough brainpower and resources. It wouldn't even be very expensive to do this actually.

I doubt they had 757's sitting on the ground at their disposal, well, not those 19 "angry arabs" at least.

You wouldn't need anything like that. You would only need to take an autopilot or have complete specs of it and a copy of the OS and a compatible hardware system to test it on. You'd have to fake up a set of programmable sensor inputs and such for testing the rig. Then it's just programming.

If you could obtain circuit boards that were replaced by an incrementally newer version, you could easily use that as a basis for formulating an electronic attack on a new system. These kinds of industrial systems are very rarely rebuilt from the ground up; they are incrementally revised and they use fairly standard parts. Even if they use the security features in certain microcontrollers to hide their code and such, there are well-known methods using ordinary electron microscopes and lab equipment to strip away the outside of chips and read the chips' internal circuitry directly, leading to discovery of vulnerabilities, many of which are unknown to the designers of the system.

Unless you make the security of the system your first and foremost and obsessive objective, you cannot hope to withstand attacks by bright engineers and hackers with equipment easily obtained for less than $25 million (I include that number for a nice high-end lab equipped for complete reverse-engineering). And, yes, you could easily build it in a cave. Recruiting the talent for such a project is probably more challenging than building the lab or getting access to specs and software for the flight systems.

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-14   17:06:14 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#130. To: TooConservative (#127)

You would only need to take an autopilot or have complete specs of it and a copy of the OS and a compatible hardware system to test it on. You'd have to fake up a set of programmable sensor inputs and such for testing the rig. Then it's just programming.

The "autopilot" is essentially the heart of the Flight Management System and ties navigational inputs and flight data systems into a sophisticated AI program which sends digital and analog outputs to control systems throughout the aircraft.

It's certainly not an iPod, and well beyond anything someone could hack in their cave or even their well equipped garage.

FormerLurker  posted on  2010-09-14   17:16:10 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#137. To: FormerLurker (#130)

The "autopilot" is essentially the heart of the Flight Management System and ties navigational inputs and flight data systems into a sophisticated AI program which sends digital and analog outputs to control systems throughout the aircraft.

What if you have suborned some Muzzie aircraft technicians, computer science whizzes and a few aerospace engineers?

No, nothing is unhackable.

I could, for instance, describe to you the integrated operation of some ordinary security interlock systems for routine satellite reception, something that has to resist serious hacking attempts. One that I was familiar with was the old dual-tuner Dtivo units. These had a PowerPC CPU, two independent programmable (and hackable) tuner chips, and a programmable MPEG decoder chip. These interlocked with the control card (HU series) which was a reflashable CPU which included features to fuse certain parts of the circuitry permanently if they desired to defeat attacks on it. Yet, I assure you this system was utterly hacked over and over. I myself worked on finding the ZKT check code from the PowerPC chip and disabling it. Ultimately, we never fully penetrated it and never did discover the Magic Number (commonly a prime number thousands of digits long, an expensive proprietary number which was embedded in the security card at the circuit level). Yet we all knew that the security system could be utterly defeated and every secret found if we ever got that number. And we knew how to do it but no one had the lab for it. Still, the unit was hacked to death despite its fundamental security remaining locked. In the original Xbox, you had signed code and an encrypted BIOS with 1024-bit encryption. Much as with the recent PS3 attacks, you simply find ways to seize control of the bus and induce buffer overruns at boot time. Once you have seized control, you can generally allow all the security mechanisms to keep running but since you are already in control, you can neuter them pretty easily.

There is no such thing as unhackable. I tend to believe that anything that can ever be built can and will be hacked. But that is an article of faith, not something I can prove.

It's not generally recognized but these security systems actually train people for all kinds of hacking. The list of hacked and hackable devices is quite long. As hundreds of thousands of people become technically familiar with how to hack an iPhone or a PS3 or an Xbox360, these techniques can be readily applied by competent technicians to attack almost any system, probably up to an including nuclear weapons safety interlock devices.

No black box is safe from a curious persistent mind with some decent equipment.

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-14   17:48:20 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#157. To: TooConservative (#137)

These had a PowerPC CPU, two independent programmable (and hackable) tuner chips, and a programmable MPEG decoder chip. These interlocked with the control card (HU series) which was a reflashable CPU which included features to fuse certain parts of the circuitry permanently if they desired to defeat attacks on it.

A "reflashable CPU" eh? What would be the purpose of reflashing a CPU?

How many ways of doing ANDs, ORs, ADD, SUBs, and JMPs would make a difference?

FormerLurker  posted on  2010-09-15   8:42:12 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


#162. To: FormerLurker (#157) (Edited)

A "reflashable CPU" eh? What would be the purpose of reflashing a CPU?

Many modern microcontrollers contain their own RAM and flashable "ROM".

The chips often have a fusing feature so that once you update it, you can burn a "fuse" (flashable memory location) permanently which locks the ability to reprogram the CPU or read out its code. Unless you have a professional lab.

You can find these CPUs with internal RAM and flash ROM and I/O ports. All the ARMs and many PICs and similar devices are available with these features. We are way past the old 6502/6800/Z80/68330/8052/80186 and other CPUs that used to be used in industrial applications but which required so much more support circuitry. A single-chip is so much more economical and reliable.

How many ways of doing ANDs, ORs, ADD, SUBs, and JMPs would make a difference?

6502?

Edit: forgot. 6502 used ADC, not ADD. I guess your mnemonics are ambiguous enough I can't tell which CPU(s) you studied.

TooConservative  posted on  2010-09-15   9:57:41 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  


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