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Title: The Root Commission Formula: "No fight, No Loans" [WWI to crurrent times]
Source: Various + 4um topic: The Polar Bear Expedition: US/Allied Fo
URL Source: http://freedom4um.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=140808&Disp=6#C6
Published: Dec 12, 2011
Author: Various
Post Date: 2011-12-12 15:32:32 by GreyLmist
Keywords: "No fight, No Loans", The Root Commission Formula, WWI, Current Times
Views: 3505
Comments: 8

From The Polar Bear Expedition: US/Allied Forces ordered into Russian Revolution/Civil War, 4um Post #6

The Root Commission Formula of "No Fight, No Loans". [sic]

the demand of the Allies, including the United States, that Russia should renew and reinvigorate her [WWI] war effort (bluntly expressed by Root in the formula "no fight, no loans")

Poster Comment:

More likely, the demand was first handed down to the Allies by war-profiteering financiers of the recently established Federal Reserve here as their "policy" and the "policy" of the London-based banking cartel.

More info at the 4um post-link.

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#5. To: All (#0)

From The Polar Bear Expedition: US/Allied Forces ordered into Russian Revolution/Civil War, 4um Post #6

More info there on the Root Commission [and its Formula of "No Fight, No Loans"], excerpted from the history source linked below and continued to the end of that post.

Three Men in Russia: Marye, Robins, and Francis, 1914-18
http://history.eserver.org/russia-1914-17.txt

GreyLmist  posted on  2015-05-01   7:31:24 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  

... the Root Commission [and its Formula of "No Fight, No Loans"], excerpted from the history source linked below ...

Three Men in Russia: Marye, Robins, and Francis, 1914-18
http://history.eserver.org/russia-1914-17.txt

Annotated article-excerpts, condensed:

In 1917-18 the United States' [WWI] goals were to keep Russia fighting in the world war then raging against Germany and Austria-Hungary, to try to keep the centrist, constitutionalist pro-war Kerensky government in power and to keep the leftist, anti-war Bolsheviks out. Though it was clear that the Tsar was gone irretrievably, the necessity remained that Russia stay in the war from the Allied point of view, so as to keep Germany and her allies fighting a two-front war. A centrist, pro-Ally government such as the Kerensky government appeared to be fit in with that Allied goal considerably better than the avowed Bolshevik goal of pulling Russia out of the war. There was no clear reason for the U.S. to support one government over another, though the preference was to stay away from the radical Bolsheviks because they appeared to Americans as against property rights, religion and the rule of law.

In July, 1914, with little apparent thought about the need for a trained expert to be in the Russian capital, Woodrow Wilson appointed a wealthy, 57 year old San Francisco banker with no background whatsoever in Russian affairs, George T. Marye, to be U.S. Ambassador to the court of the Romanovs. The world war had already begun and Wilson felt that the United States needed an Ambassador in Russia because of the war situation. ... Marye served as American Ambassador to Russia from October, 1914 to March, 1916. ... There is scant indication as to how well Marye did his job; ... Marye offered no specific reasons for resigning,

About 6 weeks later, on 28 April, David Francis arrived in Moscow and assumed the post of US Ambassador. A week later, Ambassador Francis was formally received by the Emperor. Francis went to Russia in 1916,

[Francis] was the American "man on the spot" when the Revolutions occurred, though he did much of his communicating with the Bolsheviks through Raymond Robins [of the Red Cross].

On 23 February (O.S.), now styled 8 March (N.S.) [Ref. novaonline - O.S. means the “old style” Russian/Julian calendar ... N.S. means “new style” European/Gregorian calendar], the February [Russian Revolution] began. Two weeks later, on 22 March [1917], "The government of the United States, through its Ambassador in Petrograd, David R. Francis, conveyed to the Council of Ministers its official recognition of the new Russian [Provisional] Government [of Kerensky]

Somewhere around the time of the bungled July uprising, there entered into the picture the third American examined here, Raymond Robins, who came to Russia in July by his account, and was gone by the following 1 June.

Robins came to Russia in July, August or September, 1917 ... abilities which suited him for the role he was about to take on: ... a familiarity with the US labor movement and an interest in the Russian revolutionary scene.

Robins and Ambassaador Francis would differ sharply on the issue of American recognition for the second revolutionary government; Robins favored recognition, Francis opposed recognition, even though he had been the first Ambassador to extend recognition to the Kerensky government when it took over from the Tsar in March. ... The Bolsheviks were different. Francis [Note: accurately] believed them under the influence of the Germans, and still believed that in 1919 when he testified at the Senate Judiciary Hearings on Bolshevik propaganda. ... Robins never lost his view that Francis, Summers and many others were of the "indoor mind" kind of people, and that Lockhart, Judson, Thompson [of the Red Cross] and himself [also a Red Cross official] were of the the "outdoor mind" camp.

At the end of August, Woodrow Wilson sent a greeting to the Conference assembling in Moscow in August, 1917, expressing "confidence in the ultimate triumph of ideals and democracy and self-government against all enemies within and without, ... ". He [seemed to] have believed the Kerensky government capable of that, despite the fact that such an ideal was never realized, and despite the fact that his Ambassador to Russia kept reporting the mischief of the Bolsheviks. Wilson, too, was a subscriber to the idealism of the Progressive movement as perhaps was best indicated by the 14 Points program.

Wilson specifically called for, in that program, in Point VI, "a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world..." to obtain a chance at self-determination, "political development" and a "national policy" that would allow Russia to join the comity of nations, and that Russia get whatever aid she needed. In Point XIII, Wilson called for "an independent Polish state," that would necessarily occur at the Russian's expense. (89)

Francis, in a series of dispatches to the Secretary of State from 25 August to 6 September, worried a great deal about the possible actions of the Bolsheviks of a revolutionary nature. Francis appeared convinced that the Bolsheviks, having tried in July to topple the Kerensky ministry by armed force, would try again.

Wilson specifically called for, in that program, in Point VI, "a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world..." to obtain a chance at self-determination, "political development" and a "national policy" that would allow Russia to join the comity of nations, and that Russia get whatever aid she needed. In Point XIII, Wilson called for "an independent Polish state," that would necessarily occur at the Russian's expense.

Francis appeared quite concerned that a revolt was imminent, right up until it happened. He could see it coming, but really had no clear idea what to do about it, ... None of the American leadership appeared to be clear on a course of action to be taken, from Washington to Petrograd.

Also, the pressure of the Allies to keep Russia in the war proved in the end the very thing the American government wanted least, for such provided a force for destabilization, bringing about that which Washington and Francis feared most, the accession of the Bolsheviks. "Thus the demand of the Allies, including the United States, that Russia should renew and reinvigorate her war effort (bluntly expressed by Root in the formula "no fight, no loans") was actually in conflict with the other major aim of American policy toward the [Anti-Bolshevik] Provisional Government [of Kerensky] - namely, that the experiment in constitutional government should proceed sucessfully.

On 28 September, Robert Lansing, the Secretary of State of the US, wrote to Francis that Washington's information was indicating "that conditions there have been growing steadily worse until there exists to-day a condition of what one would call anarchy."

Francis cabled Washington 27 October that the Bolsheviks plan an "outbreak" on 2 November, that they will have "assistance" from the Kronstadt military base, and that the first thing the rebels will do is "arrest" the Provisional Government.

On 24-25 October, O.S, 7-8 November (N.S.) the Bolshevik seizure of power in Petrograd began. "In the name of the Military Revolutionary Committee Trotsky had declared that the Provisional Government no longer existed."

The Bolsheviks consolidated their power after some internal fighting and announce formally through the Foreign Ministry over Trotsky's signature to the Allied Ambassadors on 22 November that Lenin is the chairman of the new government organized 8 November, and proposed an "armistice on all fronts and the immediate opening of peace negotiations..."

Consul General Madden Summers in Moscow offered, in a letter to Francis 24 November, some insights to the question, "Why did the Kerensky government fail?" He wrote some incisive remarks to the critical issue of character in the letter as to what had happened in Moscow during the October Revolution, criticizing heavily the American Red Cross, who he alleged were "annoying" in their attempts to get out of town "before anybody else," but he did not touch on the real upset he had with the Red Cross, and more specifically Robins. That was that Robins did not play by the diplomatic rules in his hobnobbing with the Bolsheviks, and was not controllable by normal channels of command.

On 28 November, Trotsky notifies the Allied governments that he will be having preliminary meetings with Germany on the peace, and hostilities on the Russian front with the Germans had ceased.

On 15 December, German-Soviet negotiations, which had actually been inaugerated in Brest-Litovsk on December 3, were finally brought to an end by the signing of an armistice agreement. ... Trotsky had officially communicated these terms to the Allied governments in a note dated December 6) and delivered that same day in Petrograd.

[Red Cross official] Robins asked to cable, and then did cable [Red Cross official; also of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1914 to 1919] Colonel Thompson in New York City 23 January saying "Soviet Government stronger to-day than ever before. ... Cannot too strongly urge importance of prompt recognition of Bolshevik authority and immediate establishment of modus vivendi making possible generous and sympathetic co-operation.

[Soviet/Bolshevik] Russia repudiated its foreign debts on 8 February, and formally removed itself from [WWI] 10 February. ... Robins met with Lenin about the possibility of getting aid from the Americans for the Soviets [February 13]. ... On 14 February, the Gregorian calender was adopted in Russia. On the 15th, Robins cabled Thompson in New York with a long analysis of the current situation, urging "Great values for Allied cause in resulting situation dependen[t] on continuance of Bolshevik authority as long as possible." ... the question of intervention loomed large in the considerations of all parties, a debate that went on after Robins left in May, and was acted on from the summer of 1918 to the summer of 1920 [which had] resulted in a limited [military] intervention [September 1918, before the end of WWI; Polar Bear Expedition - Wikipedia Ref. + 4um Ref.] by US and other Allied forces. ... [Robins/Robbins] testified about his role in 1919 [and] returned to Russia in 1933 after recognition finally occurred ... Robins is the correct spelling. The name is consistently spelled "Robbins" in the State Department files. [Cross-referencing sources at 4um Ref., Post #9: The American Red Double Cross]

GreyLmist  posted on  2017-02-14   17:59:41 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  

#7. To: GreyLmist (#6)

Whatever else, they got the debt repudiation right.

Lod  posted on  2017-02-14 18:28:11 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  

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