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Title: A Faded Piece of Papyrus Refers to Jesus’ Wife
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URL Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/u ... -wife.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all
Published: Sep 18, 2012
Author: LAURIE GOODSTEIN
Post Date: 2012-09-18 16:52:29 by Ada
Keywords: None
Views: 271
Comments: 10
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — A historian of early Christianity at Harvard Divinity School has identified a scrap of papyrus that she says was written in Coptic in the fourth century and contains a phrase never seen in any piece of Scripture: “Jesus said to them, ‘My wife ...’ ” Enlarge This Image Evan McGlinn for The New York Times Professor Karen L. King, in her office at The Harvard Divinity School, held a fragment of papyrus that she says was written in Coptic in the fourth century and contains a reference to Jesus' wife. Connect With Us on Twitter Follow @NYTNational for breaking news and headlines. Twitter List: Reporters and Editors . Readers’ Comments Share your thoughts. Post a Comment » Read All Comments (359) » The faded papyrus fragment is smaller than a business card, with eight lines on one side, in black ink legible under a magnifying glass. Just below the line about Jesus having a wife, the papyrus includes a second provocative clause that purportedly says, “she will be able to be my disciple.” The finding was made public in Rome on Tuesday at an international meeting of Coptic scholars by Karen L. King, a historian who has published several books about new Gospel discoveries and is the first woman to hold the nation’s oldest endowed chair, the Hollis professor of divinity. The provenance of the papyrus fragment is a mystery, and its owner has asked to remain anonymous. Until Tuesday, Dr. King had shown the fragment to only a small circle of experts in papyrology and Coptic linguistics, who concluded that it is most likely not a forgery. But she and her collaborators say they are eager for more scholars to weigh in and perhaps upend their conclusions. Even with many questions unsettled, the discovery could reignite the debate over whether Jesus was married, whether Mary Magdalene was his wife and whether he had a female disciple. These debates date to the early centuries of Christianity, scholars say. But they are relevant today, when global Christianity is roiling over the place of women in ministry and the boundaries of marriage. The discussion is particularly animated in the Roman Catholic Church, where despite calls for change, the Vatican has reiterated the teaching that the priesthood cannot be opened to women and married men because of the model set by Jesus. Dr. King gave an interview and showed the papyrus fragment, encased in glass, to reporters from The New York Times, The Boston Globe and Harvard Magazine in her garret office in the tower at Harvard Divinity School last Thursday . She left the next day for Rome to deliver her paper on the find on Tuesday at the International Congress of Coptic Studies. She repeatedly cautioned that this fragment should not be taken as proof that Jesus, the historical person, was actually married. The text was probably written centuries after Jesus lived, and all other early, historically reliable Christian literature is silent on the question, she said. But the discovery is exciting, Dr. King said, because it is the first known statement from antiquity that refers to Jesus speaking of a wife. It provides further evidence that there was an active discussion among early Christians about whether Jesus was celibate or married, and which path his followers should choose. “This fragment suggests that some early Christians had a tradition that Jesus was married,” Dr. King said. “There was, we already know, a controversy in the second century over whether Jesus was married, caught up with a debate about whether Christians should marry and have sex.” Dr. King first learned about what she calls “The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife” when she received an e-mail in 2010 from a private collector who asked her to translate it. Dr. King, 58, specializes in Coptic literature, and has written books on the Gospel of Judas, the Gospel of Mary of Magdala, Gnosticism and women in antiquity. The owner, who has a collection of Greek, Coptic and Arabic papyri, is not willing to be identified by name, nationality or location, because, Dr. King said, “He doesn’t want to be hounded by people who want to buy this.” When, where or how the fragment was discovered is unknown. The collector acquired it in a batch of papyri in 1997 from the previous owner, a German. It came with a handwritten note in German that names a professor of Egyptology in Berlin, now deceased, and cited him calling the fragment “the sole example” of a text in which Jesus claims a wife. The owner carried the fragment to the Divinity School in December 2011 and left it with Dr. King. She said she was initially suspicious, but it looked promising enough to explore. Three months later, she carried the fragment in her red handbag to New York to show it to two colleagues, both papyrologists: Roger Bagnall, director of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, at New York University, and AnneMarie Luijendijk, an associate professor of religion at Princeton University. They examined the scrap under sharp magnification. It was very small — only 4 by 8 centimeters. The lettering was splotchy and uneven, the hand of an amateur, but not unusual for the time period, when many Christians were poor and persecuted. It was written in Coptic, an Egyptian language that uses Greek characters — and more precisely, in Sahidic Coptic, a dialect from southern Egypt, Dr. Luijendijk said in an interview. What convinced them it was probably genuine was the fading of the ink on the papyrus fibers, and traces of ink adhered to the bent fibers at the torn edges. The back side is so faint that only five words are visible, one only partly: “my moth[er],” “three,” “forth which.” “It would be impossible to forge,” said Dr. Luijendijk, who contributed to Dr. King’s paper. Dr. Bagnall reasoned that a forger would have had to be expert in Coptic grammar, handwriting and ideas. Most forgeries he has seen were nothing more than gibberish. And if it were a forgery intended to cause a sensation or make someone rich, why would it have lain in obscurity for so many years? “It’s hard to construct a scenario that is at all plausible in which somebody fakes something like this. The world is not really crawling with crooked papyrologists,” Dr. Bagnall said. The piece is torn into a rough rectangle, so that the document is missing its adjoining text on the left, right, top and bottom — most likely the work of a dealer who divided up a larger piece to maximize his profit, Dr. Bagnall said. Much of the context, therefore, is missing. But Dr. King was struck by phrases in the fragment like “My mother gave to me life,” and “Mary is worthy of it,” which resemble snippets from the Gospels of Thomas and Mary. Experts believe those were written in the late second century and translated into Coptic. She surmises that this fragment is also copied from a second century Greek text. The meaning of the words, “my wife,” is beyond question, Dr. King said. “These words can mean nothing else.” The text beyond “my wife” is cut off. Dr. King did not have the ink dated using carbon testing. She said it would require scraping off too much, destroying the relic. She still plans to have the ink tested by spectroscopy, which could roughly determine its age by its chemical composition. Dr. King submitted her paper to The Harvard Theological Review, which asked three scholars to review it. Two questioned its authenticity, but they had seen only low-resolution photographs of the fragment and were unaware that expert papyrologists had seen the actual item and judged it to be genuine, Dr. King said. One of the two questioned the grammar, translation and interpretation. Ariel Shisha-Halevy, an eminent Coptic linguist at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, was consulted, and responded in an e-mail in September, “I believe — on the basis of language and grammar — the text is authentic.” Major doubts allayed, The Review plans to publish Dr. King’s article in its January issue. The owner has offered to donate the papyrus to Harvard if the university buys a “substantial part of his collection,” Dr. King said, which Harvard is considering. She said she will “push him to come forward,” in part to avoid stoking conspiracy theories. The notion that Jesus had a wife was the central conceit of the best seller and movie “The Da Vinci Code.” But Dr. King said she wants nothing to do with the code or its author: “At least, don’t say this proves Dan Brown was right.”
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#1. To: Ada (#0)
Interesting. I wouldn't care one way, or the other. “The most dangerous man to any government is the man who is able to think things out... without regard to the prevailing superstitions and taboos. Almost inevitably he comes to the conclusion that the government he lives under is dishonest, insane, intolerable.” ~ H. L. Mencken
I have a hard time believing he wasn't married, since there was such social pressure in those days to get married. But then, I also don't care one way or the other. I sense a disturbance in the farce. Much gnashing will ensue.
Coming from the 4th century and Coptic (which presumably puts this papyrus in Egypt) is an indication that this may be one of a mountain of New Testament apocrypha which have no authenticity or value.
"New Testament apocrypha" is an oxymoron. The New Testament is the canon of books which are defined as inspired sacred scripture. The apocrypha as applied to the New Testament is anything not in the canon as defined by the Church beginning with the Council of Nicea or thereabouts. The Church then spent the next thirteen centuries deciding what books had authenticity and value. As far as the provenance of certain books goes, Egypt and Alexandria in particular was a major center of early Christian life and the Copts preserved and translated all of the Christian texts, canonical and non-canonical. Many of the non-canonical or apocryphal books have been found in Egypt only in this century - many of which have been known only by their titles for the last two millenia a number of which have been dated to the first century. By the way, who are you to judge what has authenticity or value? You were there, right? Randge, very well stated. I suppose the Holy ROMAN catholic church could put all this to rest if only they would open up the Vatican basement to investigators. I'm sure every book that was taken away from to common man of the days gone by and burned, that they at least kept a copy or two.
Ever heard of "The Bible Came From Arabia"?
This was removed four centuries and about a thousand miles from the events it hints at, which, right away, raises doubts. New Testament Apocrypha is not an oxymoron. It was the title applied to a sizeable collection of mostly early medieval folklore and fakelore, in a collection by the Edwardian scholar M.R. James, and more recently in a German two volume collection. Often, but not always, these documents make some error in describing customs or history of New Testament times.
"New Testament Apocrypha" I suppose could be capitalized as a title but that treats them like there were a book which they are not. And there is nothing NOTHING medieval or early medieval about the apocrypha. They were written in Greek for the most part in the first through the fourth centuries and were preserved in part in translation into the Coptic language as the Egyptians were experts in conserving religious works and preserving religious traditions for millenia. I think the Gnostic Gospel of Philip eludes to Christ being married or having a companion. What is its date, late second century-early third? For all we know, this fragment could be part of Philip... I guess my first question on this... did Marcion make any mention of this and if not, why not? "What began in Russia will end in America."- 1930, Elder Ignatius of Harbin, Manchuria.
The fragment mentioned in the article doesn't seem to match up with anything found in the Gospel of Philip. Philip is the book that Dan Brown took as part of his thesis that Jesus was married. There's a lot of allegorical stuff in that book about marriage and conceiving and kissing and holiness. It's a little edgy that way & I can see why they banned it. I does say that Mary was Jesus' companion and that he "used to kiss her often on her mouth" according to the Meyer-Pagels edition of The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. But Marcion, no. He was a heretic according to the Roman Church, but I don't think he went for any of the more exotic teachings about the life of Christ. I think he stuck with edited versions of the conventional canonical books of the NT. Correct me if I am wrong.
#2. To: Ada (#0)
#3. To: Ada (#0)
#4. To: Shoonra (#3)
#5. To: randge (#4)
By the way, who are you to judge what has authenticity or value? You were there, right?
#6. To: Shoonra (#3)
"Satan / Cheney in "08" 
#7. To: randge (#4)
#8. To: Shoonra (#7)
#9. To: randge (#8)
#10. To: scooter (#9)
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