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Resistance
See other Resistance Articles

Title: The Origins of Leaderless Resistance and Code-name PATCON for "Patriot Conspiracy"
Source: Various
URL Source: [None]
Published: Jul 31, 2013
Author: Various
Post Date: 2013-07-31 08:18:58 by GreyLmist
Keywords: Cold War, Leaderless Resistance, Intel Origins to, PATCON
Views: 902
Comments: 12

Leaderless resistance - Wikipedia

The concept of leaderless resistance was reportedly developed by Col. Ulius Louis Amoss, a former U.S. intelligence officer, in the early 1960s. An anti-communist, Amoss saw leaderless resistance as a backup for the possibility of a communist seizure of power in the United States.

The concept was revived and popularized in an essay published by the [My note: supposedly] anti-government Ku Klux Klan member Louis Beam in 1983 and again in 1992.

Ulius L. Amoss [My note: aka Colonel Ulius/Julius “Pete” Louis Amoss/Amos; OSS/CIA]

Ulius Louis Amoss was born in 1895. During the First World War he worked for the International Committee of the YMCA in Greece.

After the war Amoss set up an export business, Gramtrade International Corporation, of which he was president from 1936 to 1942. In 1942, the government took over the business when Amoss was ordered to report to the army. While in the Armed Forces, Amoss served as Director of the Balkan Desk for Information, and Deputy Chief of Staff, U.S. Ninth Air Force.

Amoss then joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). According to a recently declassified document, while Colonel Amoss was chief of station in Cairo, Egypt, he "recruited, trained and launched numerous teams of assassins that carried out hits on various targets all over North Africa, Southern Europe, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal." General William Donovan officially fired Amoss but in reality he was kept on the OSS payroll in an undercover capacity.

After the war he worked for Frank Wisner at the Central Intelligence Agency (Office of Policy Coordination). In 1948 Amoss established the International Services of Information (INFORM). This was a CIA "commercial cover" operation.

In 1961 Amoss recruited Robert Emmett Johnson. According to a CIA document: "At this time he (Johnson) was already in close touch with the various independent Cuban Exile anti-Communist groups in Miami and elsewhere."

Ulius Louis Amoss died on 9th February, 1961. [My note: Date conflict with the publiceye.org source below.]

Although that bio-page does not attribute the Leaderless Resistance concept to Col. Amoss/Amos at all, it oddly continues with this:

In February 1992, Louis Beam issued in his quarterly publication, The Seditionist, an appeal for a concept called "leaderless resistance," described as an alternative to the "leadership" structure in "underground" groups. In this alternative, activity is autonomous, organized around ideology rather than leaders. It is explained as a system for keeping secret the plans of terrorist assaults against the Government, known only to a few individuals in small leaderless cells in order to prevent leaks or infiltration. According to Beam, this idea was based on an article published by [My note: founder/publisher of Soldier of Fortune magazine] Robert K. Brown (USAR/CounterIntelligence Corps) in 1961. [In his essay on Leaderless Resistance, Beam cites a publication date of 1962 -- a posthumous reprint/rewrite by a freelancer in the Amos newsletter, INFORM.]

More on Col. Julius Amos at Combe, Inc. -- The Grecian Formula 16 Connection:

The man behind the Combe name was Ivan DeBlois Combe ... [Combe's] next major product actually came looking for him, a hair dye called Grecian Formula 16. The man who discovered it was Colonel Julius Amos, an agent for the predecessor to the CIA who operated in Greece during World War II. Suffering from a dandruff problem, he visited a Greek barber who sold him a clear liquid to apply daily to his scalp. About two weeks later, Amos realized that not only had his dandruff been cured, his hair had turned from gray to its original brown. Amos lined up American partners to form a company called World Wide Rights, which then acquired the product from the Greek barber. Grecian Formula 16, as it was called, struggled to find adequate distribution as a women's product, prompting World Wide Rights to find someone who could do a better job of marketing it. The search led to the door of Ivan Combe, who recognized the potential of Grecian Formula 16. Rather than buy the product, however, he entered into a licensing deal in 1961. By focusing his marketing efforts on male customers, who appreciated the gradual reintroduction of coloring to their hair, Combe was able to grow Grecian Formula 16 to a successful product and one that was years ahead of the market. [My note: The month is uncertain but Col. Amos reportedly died the same year as that licensing deal.]

Lieutenant Colonel Robert K. Brown - NRA

...Special Forces Team Leader (Viet Nam)... founder/publisher of Soldier of Fortune magazine ... NRA Board of Directors

Lieutenant Colonel Robert K. Brown - Wikipedia

a combat correspondent, investigative journalist, and founder/editor/publisher of Soldier of Fortune magazine (SOF), a pro-gun, pro-military magazine which reports on various armed confrontations around the world, as well as on new weapons and other military technology. Brown is also president of Omega Group Ltd, which is the parent group of SOF. ... Brown served in the US Army from 1954-1957 and again from 1964-1985. He retired from the US Army as a lieutenant colonel. At one point, Brown was the Vice Chairman of the NRA.

Soldier of Fortune (magazine) - Wikipedia

Soldier of Fortune magazine was founded in 1975, by Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Reserve, (Ret.) Robert K. Brown, a Green Beret who served with Special Forces in Vietnam. After retiring from active duty, Brown began publishing a “circular” few-page-magazine with information on mercenary employment in Oman, where the Sultan Qaboos had recently deposed his father, and was battling a communist insurgency. Brown's small circular soon evolved into a glossy, large-format, four color magazine. Significant to the early development of SOF magazine was its unprecedented, successful recruitment of foreign nationals to serve in the Rhodesian Security Forces, during the Rhodesian Bush War (1964–79). During the late 1970s and the 1980s, the success and popularity of a military magazine such as SOF led to the proliferation of like magazines such as Survive, Gung Ho!, New Breed, Eagle, Combat Illustrated, Special Weapons and Tactics, and Combat Ready.

The Roots of the Leaderless Resistance Concept: The Amoss Version - 1953 & 1962

The concept of Leaderless Resistance was developed by Ulius “Pete” Louis Amoss in 1953 to encourage resistance to Soviet repression in Eastern Europe.

Amoss was an operative in the WWII Office of Strategic Services (OSS). After the war Amoss established a research center International Services of Information (INFORM).and a newsletter INFORM to fight communism.

Unlike Louis Beam, Amoss had no connection to organized White Supremacist groups and had no interest in overthrowing the United States government. On the contrary, Amoss was frustrated that the CIA and other U.S. intelligence agencies were using outdated methods to build resistance against communism in Eastern Europe.

...Amoss urged U.S. intelligence policy be shifted from an old-fashioned hierarchical model such as that used in WWII with resistance organizations, and refocused on encouraging “Leaderless Resistance to destabilize and subvert Soviet occupation of Eastern European countries such as Poland, the example he cites in detail in his essay. Amoss warned that traditional hierarchical underground cells organized by the CIA in Eastern Europe were being penetrated and liquidated by Soviet and Eastern Bloc counterintelligence operations

In 1961 leaflets were airdropped over Cuba by anti-Castro Cuban exiles and their allies with close ties to the Central Intelligence Agency. The leaflets used the concept of Leaderless Resistance and called for the creation of “Phantom Cells” (Celulas Fantasmas).

There was no apparent connection between Amoss and the leaflets, according to Michael Paulding, who is writing a book on an early OSS figure and has studied Amoss and his work. Amoss died in November 1961, a few months after the failed CIA-orchestrated Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba [My note: in April 1961]. Amoss’s Leaderless Resistance essay is republished posthumously in 1962 in the INFORM newsletter, having been rewritten from the 1953 original by a freelancer, according to Paulding.

Also issued after the 1962 version is a 4-page flyer credited to Amoss, with 3 July 1953 at the end, and the notation after Amoss’s name “Reprinted from INFORM, Issue No. 6205, 17 April 1962.

The Amoss essay is said by some authors to have been republished in a 1963 Paladin Press edition of the revolutionary instruction manual 150 Questions for a Guerrilla by Alberto Bayo Giroud. No such edition has been located to date by PRA, and repeated attempts to contact Paladin Press for confirmation have been ignored. The publisher is related to Soldier of Fortune magazine, which is popular in the Patriot and White Supremacist movements, in which Louis Beam was circulating. One edition of the Bayo booklet did contain photographs and text supporting the training of anti-Castro guerrillas.

Poster Comment:

This is the background of the Leaderless Resistance concept up until the Louis Beam [probable planted poser] Phase. More on that next.

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More on Col. Julius Amos at Combe, Inc. -- The Grecian Formula 16 Connection:

Unable to correct extra indentation error at that text-line and thereafter. Sorry if confusing. Disregard.

GreyLmist  posted on  2013-07-31   8:36:54 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  

#2. To: GreyLmist (#1)

Lots of interesting tidbits there - thanks.

Lod  posted on  2013-07-31 08:52:02 ET  Reply   Untrace   Trace   Private Reply  

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