See other Science/Tech Articles
Title: Creationists: can they be scientists? You bet!
Source:
Answers In Genesis
URL Source: http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/wow/preview/part9.asp
Published: Feb 11, 2006
Author: Pam S. Sheppard
Post Date: 2006-02-11 17:02:42 by A K A Stone
Keywords: Creationists:, scientists?, they
Views: 1727
Comments: 382
As an astrophysicist, Dr. Jason Lisle (author of chapters 5, 6, and 10 of War of the Worldviews) knows that a belief in molecules-to-man evolution is not needed to understand how planets orbit the sun or how telescopes operate. While some evolutionists are spreading the false idea that creationists can’t be real scientists, Lisle is busy doing real science. In fact, he (along with hundreds of other scientists) knows that science works perfectly well without any connection to evolution. Dr. David Menton, cell biologist and popular AiG speaker and writer, has often said that although it is widely believed, “evolution contributes nothing to our understanding of empirical science and thus plays no essential role in biomedical research or education.” As Lisle points out in this chapter, even the rise of technology is not due to a belief in evolution. He writes, “Computers, cellular phones and DVD players all operate based on the laws of physics, which God created. It is because God created a logical, orderly universe and gave us the ability to reason and to be creative that technology is possible.” So, why are there such differences between evolutionary scientists and creation scientists if both groups have the same evidence? Lisle addresses these differing conclusions by explaining that each group starts with different assumptions when interpreting evidence. Creationists and evolutionists have a different view of history, but the way they do science in the present is the same. Lisle writes that both creationists and evolutionists use observation and experimentation to draw conclusions about nature. Since observational scientific theories are capable of being tested in the present, creationists and evolutionists generally agree on these models. For instance, they agree on the nature of gravity, the composition of stars, the speed of light in a vacuum, the size of the solar system, etc. On the other hand, historical events cannot be checked scientifically in the present. We don’t have access to the past. As Lisle points out, we can make educated guesses about the past and can make inferences from fossils and rocks, but we cannot directly test our conclusions because past events cannot be repeated. With evolutionists and creationists having such different views of history, is it any wonder that each group arrives at such varying interpretations? Biblical creationists accept the recorded history of the Bible as their starting point while evolutionists reject this recorded history and have made up their own pseudo-history from which to interpret evidence, Lisle explains. The fact that there are scientists who believe in biblical creation is nothing new. In this chapter, Lisle discusses several “real” scientists who believe in the Genesis account of creation, including Isaac Newton (1642–1727), who co-discovered calculus, formulated the laws of motion and gravity, and computed the nature of planetary orbits, among other things. Today, there are many Ph.D. scientists who reject evolution and believe that God created in six days, a few thousand years ago, as recorded in Scripture. As Lisle points out, his Ph.D. research (which was completed at a secular university) was not hindered by the conviction that the early chapters of Genesis are literally true. In fact, it’s just the reverse, he writes. “It is because a logical God created and ordered the universe that I, and other creationists, expect to be able to understand aspects of that universe through logic, careful observation and experimentation,” Lisle explains. Lisle concludes the chapter by posing the question, “Why should there be laws of nature if there is no lawgiver?” “If our minds have been designed, and if the universe has been constructed by God, as the Bible teaches, then of course we should be able to study nature. Science is possible because the Bible is true,” says Lisle.
Post Comment Private Reply Ignore Thread
Top • Page Up • Full Thread • Page Down • Bottom/Latest
#1. To: A K A Stone (#0)
Stone, This is curious and circular reasoning. You presuppose that your theory is true to support that your theory is in fact true. This argument is illogical.
hi Feynman Lives!, welcome to 4.
Level 4? Please explain... Should I have brought my hip boots?
4 as in short for Freedom4um.
Ahhhh.... do I get a secret decoder ring? (it would have been most useful to decode your first statement!) :)
Evolution uses circular reasoning. Science doesn't contradict the Bible.
Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it - Thomas Jefferson
Stone, The bible is a mythological book, it is not factual. Science CLEARLY shows where, for example, there is not enough hydrogen and oxygen on the planet to flood it to the point were all living things die. Along that line, what about ducks, geese, turtles, and the other things that could float or swim? Noah did not take two blue whales on "the ark" so how did they survive "god's wrath?" And what, exactly, IS a "Bad Duck" or a "Bad Giraffe" and why did it deserve to die in the first place? There are many examples of scientific impossibilities in the bible, but I won't try to start a fight with you about it. Evolution does not use circular reasoning, sir. It is not circular reasoning when you look 50,000 years in the past and see the genetic links between something that existed back then, and trace it's roots to common day species.
In addition to this, I would urge to you take a look at the Mormon view of Anthropology. They have a very good explanation for where the American Indians came from.
Are you aware that the mountains rose and seas sand after the flood. I didn't think so
Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it - Thomas Jefferson
No. The ark was for land animals. He didn't take any fish or squid either.
Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it - Thomas Jefferson
You can't show any links. They are missing. That is the problem with evilution. Where did the matter come from. It is obvious from just looking at nature that we are created beings. I'm sorry that you can't see that. How very sad.
Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it - Thomas Jefferson
Stone, Yes, I am familiar with plate techtonics. But your assertion is innane. The creation of mountains takes thousands of years and does not bear out your assertion. Homo Sapiens have not been on the planet long enough to support your claim of massive land movement. Also, the earth itself would not support the dramatic movement of the plates as you assert, it would tear the planet itself apart. Sorry to disappoint you, but the Global Flood just didn't happen. It is a great story and many religions have a similar story in their mythology in the same fashion that christian mythology has one.
Did Noah take germs and virus' into the ark? I've always wondered about this.
freeloaders, I'll bet there were more than 2 apiece.
Mr Rumsfeld said the emergence of populist leaders through elections in Latin America was "worrisome".
Did the world flood with salt water or fresh? If it was salt then Noah would have had to take all the fresh water fish. They can't live in salt water. If it was fresh, which seems a safe guess given the rain, then Noah really would have had to take all the whales and Dolphins. They can't live in fresh water. The ark would have had to be as big as Sea World. How big was it?
Stone, Do you realize how foolish your statement is Let's just take a look at what the bible tells us and see if it holds water... "And God said unto Noah, . . . Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. And this [is the fashion] which thou shalt make it [of]: The length of the ark [shall be] three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; [with] lower, second, and third [stories] shalt thou make it. " (Gen. 6:13-16) A cubit is the distance between an adult's elbow and tip of the finger, generally 18-inches. Most Hebrew scholars believe the cubit to have been between 17½ -21½ inches long. This means that the ark would have been 450 feet long, 75 feet wide and 45 feet high if the 18 inch cubit was used. If a larger cubit was used it would have been proportionately longer. The displacement tonnage of the ark, which is the weight of water it would displace at a draught of 15 cubits, would be more than 22,000 tons. By comparison the U.S.S. Salem, a 716-foot-long heavy cruiser commissioned in 1949, has a displacement tonnage of 21,500 tons. The ark's gross tonnage which is a measure of cubic space (100 cubic feet is one gross ton) would be 15,100 tons. The ark's total volume would have been 1,518,000 cubic feet. This would equal the capacity of 569 modern railroad stock cars. The standard size for a stock car is 44 feet long and a volume of 2670 cubic feet. This would make a train more than 5 ½ miles long. The floor space for the ark would be over 101,000 square feet. This would be more floor space than 21 standard college basketball courts. By comparing the measurements of the ark it is easy to see that it would be comparable to today's ocean going vessels. It was probably the largest vessel of its type built until the late 1800's when metal ships were first constructed. Dimension of the Ark: 300 cubits x 50 cubits x 30 cubits. If the cubit used is 18" then conversion gives us the following dimensions: 450 ft x 75 ft x 45 ft Deck Area of the Ark: 450 ft x 75 ft x 3 decks = 101,250 ft2 Volume of the Ark: 450 ft x 75 ft x 45 ft = 1,518,750 ft3 So, you are looking at a ship roughly HALF the size of the Queen Mary. NOT a big craft by any standards. There are millions of species of animals on this planet, and a good chunk of them live on the land. According to the bible, Noah basically took anything that lived on land or had wings. That means Noah was required to bring along two of each species of mammal, reptile, bird, amphibian, and insect. The insect group alone has millions of species, and combined with the other animals that Noah had to bring, the number of species is astronomical. Take that number and double it, and you will have the number of animals that Noah had on his ark (doubling it because there are two of each species). Trying to breed back to life all of the species that Noah didn't take with him with a few animals from each family is ridiculous. It's impossible. It's impractical. Noah had to take all of the species with him. Claiming that the bible means a larger group of taxonomy when it says kind is only done to explain away the problem proposed by the size of the ark. But the animals are not the biggest problem for the size of the ark. It's their food that's the real problem. Noah and his animal friends were on the ark for about a year (although it only rained for forty days, it took the rest of the year for the water to dry up). That means that Noah had to have brought along enough food to sustain each creature for a year. The amount of food needed to sustain the animals would, I imagine, take up more than twice the amount of space as the animals themselves. Suppose that the average human eats one pound a day. I'm pretty sure it's more that, but for simplicity, let's say it's a pound a day. That means that in one year, a human would eat 365 pounds of food. That's more than twice the weight of the average person. If you have three meals a day, then that means that for each person, there would be 1,095 meals on the ark. Now imagine all of the food that would be required to feed all these animals for an entire year. It's a huge amount of weight, and it would take up an unthinkable amount of room on the ark. There is absolutely no way that Noah could have fit all of the animals and their food for a year on the ark. Heck, there are over 350,000 species of BEETLE alone. How did Noah know when he had them all? Also, if he took TWO of every animal... then you would not be able to have all the different genetic combinations within the species. you can't take two dogs and two wolves and make all the species of dogs and wolves we see today. You simply can't do it. It's genetically impossible. The genes for all of the traits of every kind of dog species are not in one dog, nor are all of the genes for all of the traits of every kind of wolf species in one wolf. To get all of the different genes that are present in each species of dog (and that are required to breed the dog into existence), you need many dogs. You can't have the genes for green eyes, blue eyes and brown eyes all in one person, can you? You can't have the genes for short and floppy ears, long and floppy ears, and long and hard ears all in one dog, can you? Of course you can't. You need many people to carry all of the genes for eye color or hair color or skin color. You need many dogs to carry all of the genes for ear structure or hair color. One person cannot have blonde, brown, black and red hair all at the same time. You would need two people for that. (I say two instead of four because each person actually has two genes for each trait such as eye color or hair color, it's just that only one shows up [unless both are mutually dominant or recessive, let's not get into that]. One person would carry blonde and black, another would carry brown and red.) IF that is not enough... then remember that you have to take into account the space required for ONE YEAR of WATER for everyone on board - and the issue of WASTE DISPOSAL is just laughable for all these species considering that you have fewer than a DOZEN people to pilot the ship and take care of these animals. We've been given the size of the ark, and we've been told what animals Noah brought along with him, and they just don't coincide. It is yet another fatal flaw of the bible, pointed out by simple analysis. Sorry, Stone, but you need to know these things if you are going to be a grown up.
If the world FLOODED, then it would have been COMPLETELY undrinkable water. There would be NO fresh water anywhere but on the ark. NO WHERE on the planet. And they were at sea over a YEAR. It is simply NOT possible.
I can show you links a-plenty going back MILLIONS of years. Simple example: Specimens of a species called Australopithecus afarensis appear in deposits dating 3–4 million years ago. One of the most complete skeletons of this species is a young female dubbed "Lucy". Lucy differed from her primate forebears by walking upright. We know this because of the way in which her legs were attached to her hip girdle and the fact that her backbone was attached to the base of the skull rather than at its back as it is in four- legged mammals. There is direct genetic evidence that tracks our evolution from Australopithecus afarensis to Homo Sapien - a relatively new species on this planet.
:) Jerk - you are certainly not a RF. He prolly would have got the connection between freedom4um and welcome to 4, ya think?
Tom, I never claimed to be Richard Feynman, especially because he died in 1988. I am simply a fan of his work and how he lived his life. I have noticed that the people on this site are very big on name calling when it comes to people who disagree with them, how ironic.
O for G=d's sake.
I didn't disagree with you, you were just being a jerk, very simple.
So you AGREE with me AND you call me names? How am I being a jerk?
"It's an Inside Job" christine posted on 2006-02-12 15:12:02 ET Reply Trace Private Reply #3. To: christine (#2) Level 4? Please explain... Should I have brought my hip boots? Feynman Lives! posted on 2006-02-12 15:19:06 ET Reply Trace Private Reply #4. To: Feynman Lives! (#3) 4 as in short for Freedom4um. "It's an Inside Job" christine posted on 2006-02-12 15:30:42 ET Reply Trace Private Reply #5. To: christine (#4) Ahhhh.... do I get a secret decoder ring? (it would have been most useful to decode your first statement!) :) Feynman Lives! posted on 2006-02-12 15:35:12 ET If you can't figure it out... Maybe you need to consider how you come across to others, the decoder ring statement and the "most useful" statement is fifth grade pompousness. But I will put aside all of this and let it go - maybe you are not the troll "Richard" that got canned for being a disruptor a week or so ago (tho you really sound exactly alike). If so, I do apologize.
Maybe you need to consider how you come across to others, the decoder ring statement and the "most useful" statement is fifth grade pompousness. But I will put aside all of this and let it go - maybe you are not the troll "Richard" that got canned for being a disruptor a week or so ago (tho you really sound exactly alike). If so, I do apologize. Tom, Clearly you read the worst into EVERYTHING. I was being PLAYFUL with Christine. "Level 4" sounded like a secret access, so I was keeping in her playful vein. Who the hell is Richard, and what did he do to your family? I happen to be a fan of RICHARD FEYNMAN, do you have a hatred for all things Richard? (for the record, MY name is Monty - I hope you don't hate that name as well) Why are you taking all of this mis-directed anger out on ME? I didn't do anything to you and you are being King of the Assholes to me. Go talk to a counsellor. I was looking for a site that had access to many global newspapers, and your site came up (it rocks if you like to read international newspapers). I found your chatboard to be intruiging, and thought I would join in the fray. Now, I will accept your apology if you stop trying to antagonize me.
Monty? It's been awhile :P
Zipporah, How the heck did you do that picture? ROFLMAO! (uh, and who the heck is that dandy? He looks like the love child of Tom Jones and Art Garfunkel)
(uh, and who the heck is that dandy? He looks like the love child of Tom Jones and Art Garfunkel) it's Monty Rock .. whacko from the 70s!
LOL! He does, he really does! Good call.
#2. To: Feynman Lives! (#1)
#3. To: christine (#2)
#4. To: Feynman Lives! (#3)
#5. To: christine (#4)
#6. To: Feynman Lives! (#1)
This argument is illogical.
#7. To: A K A Stone (#6)
#8. To: A K A Stone (#0)
#9. To: Feynman Lives! (#7)
Science CLEARLY shows where, for example, there is not enough hydrogen and oxygen on the planet to flood it to the point were all living things die.
#10. To: Feynman Lives! (#7)
Noah did not take two blue whales on "the ark
#11. To: Feynman Lives! (#7)
Evolution does not use circular reasoning, sir. It is not circular reasoning when you look 50,000 years in the past and see the genetic links between something that existed back then, and trace it's roots to common day species.
#12. To: A K A Stone (#9)
Are you aware that the mountains rose and seas sand after the flood. I didn't think so
#13. To: A K A Stone (#10)
No. The ark was for land animals. He didn't take any fish or squid either.
#14. To: ... (#13)
Did Noah take germs and virus' into the ark? I've always wondered about this.
#15. To: A K A Stone (#10)
No. The ark was for land animals. He didn't take any fish or squid either.
#16. To: A K A Stone (#10)
The ark was for land animals
#17. To: ... (#15)
#18. To: A K A Stone (#11)
You can't show any links. They are missing.
#19. To: Feynman Lives!, christine (#5)
Ahhhh.... do I get a secret decoder ring? (it would have been most useful to decode your first statement!)
#20. To: tom007 (#19)
Jerk - you are certainly not a RF. He prolly would have got the connection between freedom4um and welcome to 4, ya think?
#21. To: Feynman Lives! (#20)
I never claimed to be Richard Feynman, especially because he died in 1988. I
#22. To: Feynman Lives! (#20)
I have noticed that the people on this site are very big on name calling when it comes to people who disagree with them, how ironic.
#23. To: tom007 (#22)
I didn't disagree with you, you were just being a jerk, very simple.
#24. To: Feynman Lives! (#23)
hi Feynman Lives!, welcome to 4.
#25. To: tom007 (#24)
If you can't figure it out...
#26. To: Feynman Lives! (#25)
Monty
#27. To: Zipporah (#26)
#28. To: Feynman Lives! (#27)
How the heck did you do that picture? ROFLMAO!
#29. To: Feynman Lives! (#27)
uh, and who the heck is that dandy? He looks like the love child of Tom Jones and Art Garfunkel
 | Gold and silver are real money, paper is but a promise. |
#30. To: Elliott Jackalope (#29)
It creeps me out that this photo is NOT some kind of photoshop creation... this guy was a real person? Well, he certainly had a good self image! LOL
#31. To: Feynman Lives! (#30)
There is only explanation possible, or needed. "Hey, it was the 70's". Anyone who was there will quickly nod and smile a sad, wry smile of understanding.
| Gold and silver are real money, paper is but a promise. |
#32. To: Feynman Lives! (#30)
We should all, I think, respect the thought and work of Richard Feynman, arguably one of the finest mathematical minds of the 20th century, a specialist in, teacher of and contributor to quantum mechanics. He was also humble. He said that anyone who maintained they understood quantum mechanics hadn’t studied it enough, or words to that effect. The flood “myth” is found among virtually all the peoples of the world and should thus not be discounted. (Myth is in quotes as some use it these days as a synonym for “lie”, a very bad habit, because myth can convey more truth than supposed fact.) A tsunami of cataclysmic proportions would fill the bill. And Evolution does not come close to being established scientific theory. It is failed hypothesis at the very best. Basically, Evolution has never been seen to occur, in the lab or in nature, despite decades of effort in the lab (fruit flies). Mutation has, however, been shown to be uniformly destructive of genetic information, hardly a fact that favors evolution. And on and on … I respectfully suggest that you need to again review the facts and evidence before you conclude that Evolution is not full of holes. We inhabit a universe that is eloquently and beautifully mathematical, and beyond all rational expectation. It is “governed” by the mathematical laws of physics. There is no “reason” why this should be so, but it is. Do these laws just happen to be? Did they appear out of nowhere? Or is it consistent to think these laws were “written” by a Creator far deeper and more able than our capacity to comprehend? I think that it is. Welcome to 4um.
#33. To: tom007 (#24)
Aric2000 is back on LP this morning - after about being away for about a year.
#34. To: Feynman Lives! (#18)
don't have much time. Prove they are 3 or 4 million years old. Radio carbon dating dated fresh rocks from mt st helens ant millions of years. Keep worshipping the white shirts.
dating 3–4 million years ago.
Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it - Thomas Jefferson
#35. To: Phaedrus (#32)
Phaedrus, I never stated that the scientific theory of evolution has answered 100% of the questions in the universe. Evolution is also one of the most misunderstood and controversial concepts in the eyes of the general public. This situation is unfortunate, because the controversy surrounding evolution is unnecessary. Resistance to evolution stems in part from misunderstanding science and how it is distinct from religion. Science and religion provide different ways of knowing the Earth and universe. Science proceeds by testing hypotheses and thus is restricted to natural, testable explanations. By definition, science is unable to confirm or deny the existence or work of a Creator; such questions are beyond the realm of science. As a scientific concept, evolution therefore can make no reference to a Creator. Many people of faith, including scientists, find no conflict between evolution and their religion; in fact, many religious denominations have issued statements supporting evolution. Science and religion need not conflict. Numerous lines of evidence show that life has changed through time. Evolution is the best scientific explanation for this change. Individuals change throughout their lifetimes; they grow, receive injuries, color their hair, or pierce their eyebrows. These changes are not evolutionary, because they cannot be inherited by the next generation. The changes are lost when the individual possessing them dies. Individuals do not evolve, only populations evolve. Species evolve over successive generations as their local populations interbreed and change. The biological definition of a species embodies this concept: a species is a group of naturally occurring populations that can interbreed and produce offspring that can interbreed. This point is very important: species always consist of changing and interbreeding populations. There never was a irst ‘saber-toothed cat,’ ‘first mastodon,’ or ‘first dinosaur.’ Instead, there was a first population of interbreeding individuals that we call ‘saber-toothed cats,’ or ‘mastodons,’ or ‘dinosaurs.’ At any given time in the past, members of populations of a species were capable of interbreeding. In Darwin’s time, the nature of inheritance and the cause of variation were very poorly understood. The scientific understanding of heredity began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s in Brno, Czech Republic. This understanding accelerated throughout the 20th century and now includes knowledge of chromosomes, genes, and DNA with its double helix. Evolution could not occur without genetic variation. The ultimate source of variation can now be understood as changes or mutations in the sequence of the building blocks of the genetic material carried on the chromosomes in eggs and sperm. I am not sure if you are unaware but there have been MANY studies that show how evolution has occurred in lab conditions. For example: -Adaptation to High and Low Temperatures by E. coli. -Adaptation to Growth in the Dark by Chlamydomonas. -Selection for Large Size in Chlamydomomas. -Adaptation to a Low Phosphate Chemostat Environment by a Clonal Line of Yeast. -Evolution of a new enzymatic function by recombination within a gene. -Changes in the substrate specificities of an enzyme during directed evolution of new functions. -Changes in the substrate specificities of an enzyme during directed evolution of new functions. Here are the basics for what is required for evolution: 1. All organisms produce far more offspring than can survive to adulthood and reproduce. This means that many of those offspring will die without reproduction. 2. Organisms vary in many ways, and much of that variation is heritable - that is, variations that exist in the parents are passed on to the offspring. 3. Some of those heritable, variable traits affect an organism's fitness - its ability to survive to reproductive maturity. 4.(This is the kicker.) Those traits that increase an organism's fitness will tend to be passed on to the organism's offspring and to subsequent generations. However, there IS evidence in nature that shows the evolution of many species over millions of years, man included. You need only look back in the last century and see how man is evolving. We have managed to find ways to significanlty increase our population, are taller, live longer, and infant mortality rates have dropped dramatically. I appreciate your reverence for the good Dr. Feynman, a man who thought that the entire concept of religion was ridiculous.
Evolution has never been seen to occur, in the lab or in nature, despite decades of effort in the lab (fruit flies).
#36. To: A K A Stone (#34)
Stone, I am curious, just how old do you think the earth is?
#37. To: Feynman Lives!, all (#35)
The problem with evolution is not that theory exists - I have no problem with a theory existing, including this one. What I have a problem with is that the existence of this theory has become a quasi-religious belief in the scientific community that precludes all other possibilities. Evolution has in practice, ceased being a theory and has become a DOGMA. I would like to see evolution, in the true scientific spirit, turned back into a THEORY. Then we could consider other THEORIES along side it.
#38. To: A K A Stone (#34)
Stone, It is hysterical that a guy who clings to religion is quoting Thomas Jefferson, a man who was insistent that religion play NO PART in the formation of this nation.
#39. To: mehitable (#37)
Mehitable, I don't understand why evolution would concern you so much. However, if you can show me another valid scientific theory that could be taught along side of it, I would be happy to look at it. Before you get started, remember, Intelligent Design is not a scientific theory, it is religion dressed up as science. But if you can show me another valid scientific theory, I would be interested in hearing about it.
#40. To: Feynman Lives!, all (#39)
Just by saying that Intelligent Design IS NOT a scientific theory, you are framing the debate by excluding anything that contradicts your point of view. That's not how debate works. I'm not a scientist myself and personally - I don't care how life came to be on earth or whether it exists anywhere else, so I'm the wrong person to ask. I'll leave it to someone else to debate anyone scientific theories that exist out there. One thing that I may simply throw out to you is that evolution for many decades (it may have changed somewhat recently) postulated incredibly slow changes in organisms. Well, that's part of the scientific religioius dogma - what if these mutations occurred spontaneously and represented ENORMOUS changes from one form of life to another? I think there's much we don't know and we should keep open minds. Blandly accepting the THEORY of evolution as dogma, which I believe you do, stops us from considering other possibilities or variations of possibilities. It stops thought.
.
.
.
Comments (41 - 382) not displayed.
Top • Page Up • Full Thread • Page Down • Bottom/Latest