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Title: Repatriation — The Dark Side of World War II, Part 1
Source:
www.fff.org
URL Source: http://www.fff.org/freedom/0295a.asp
Published: Feb 01, 1995
Author: Jacob G. Hornberger, February 1995
Post Date: 2006-10-21 16:29:00 by robin
Keywords: None
Views: 669
Comments: 51
Repatriation — The Dark Side of World War II, Part 1 When Hitler's forces invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, millions of Russians welcomed and embraced the Nazi military forces. In many instances, Russian soldiers willingly surrendered to the Germans. The German invasion of the Soviet Union was the beginning of what would ultimately become one of the darkest episodes of World War II — the forcible repatriation and mass murder of millions of anticommunist, anti-Stalinist Russians. At the center of one of the most fascinating and horrific stories of World War II was a Russian general named Andrey Vlasov. Vlasov was born in 1900 in the small village of Lomakino in the province of Nizhni Novgorod. He was one of eight children. His parents were peasants who did everything they could to see that their children received an education. Vlasov attended religious schools but finally decided to study agriculture. During the Russian Revolution — in 1919 — Vlasov was called up to serve in the Red Army. He was commissioned an officer and led men into battle against the White Army. Sven Steenberg, in his book Vlasov , quotes the November 21, 1940, issue of the Red Star : "He understood how 'to win respect, lead men, bind them to himself, and at the same time increase their self-confidence.'" At the end of the Revolution, Vlasov decided to remain in the army, rising to the rank of colonel by the late 1930s. Then, Stalin commenced his infamous purge against the Russian officer corps. Estimates of the casualties differ, but Steenberg says: According to conservative estimates, about thirty thousand officers were arrested. Three of the Red Army's 5 marshals were liquidated, 13 out of 19 army commanders, more than half of the 186 division commanders. Even their families were not spared. Vlasov survived the purge. But as Steenberg points out, he was undoubtedly deeply affected by Stalin's murder of so many of his fellow officers and compatriots. On June 4, 1940, Vlasov — at the age of 39 — was promoted to major general. His wife, a doctor who he had married in 1933, bore him a son. Many years before, she had had to disavow her parents because they were "kulaks" — rich peasants — traitors to communism. But Vlasov continued to secretly support them. And Vlasov also maintained another family secret — his older brother Ivan had been murdered by the communists in 1919. In the fall of 1941, German forces were twenty-five miles from Moscow. The city was in a panic. Stalin ordered Vlasov to Moscow and appointed him commander of the Twentieth Army, whose mission was to assist in the halting of the German assault on Moscow. Vlasov took command and counterattacked the Germans, halting their advance and helping to save the city. In January 1942, Vlasov's army took part in an offensive near the city of Leningrad. The battle went badly for the Russians, and Vlasov requested permission to retreat. Stalin refused and ordered continued attacks against the Germans. Vlasov flew to Moscow to explain the urgency of the need to retreat. Stalin again refused the request. Vlasov returned to his forces, who were now in danger of being surrounded. At this point, Vlasov received a note from his wife that said, "Guests were here." In the midst of this crucial battle, Stalin had sent the secret police to search Vlasov's home and question his family. The Germans surrounded Vlasov and his army. For two weeks, the general avoided capture by secreting himself in the swamps that covered the battlegrounds. And those two weeks alone in the Russian swamps caused Andrey Vlasov to do a lot of questioning and much soul-searching about the plight of Russia and her future. One day, a Russian mayor disclosed Vlasov's hiding place to German forces. Vlasov surrendered to the German army. From the first grade in their public schools, Americans are taught the evils of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. "If we had not entered World War II, Hitler would have conquered the world," Americans are taught. "There is no way that the world could have tolerated the continuation of the Nazi regime. It was necessary for tens of thousands of Americans to die to stop Hitler." Yet, there is one uncomfortable fallacy with this reasoning. The United States and the Western world survived something even worse — the regime of Joseph Stalin and the rise and domination of the communist empire. Obviously, the world would have been better off without the evils and horrors of both Hitler and Stalin. But if we had to end up with one of them, who is to say that Stalin was better than Hitler? If we survived in a world of Stalin and communism, then why couldn't we have survived in a world of Hitler and Nazism? Let us recall why Great Britain and France declared war on Germany in the first place (it was not Germany that declared war on them first). Hitler had invaded Czechoslovakia and Austria, obviously with the intention of ultimately moving east against the Russians. In fact, contrary to popular opinion, the evidence that Hitler ever intended to invade the West is scant. For one, Hitler considered himself a Westerner. Moreover, he had already expressed his desire for Lebensraum — "living space" — in Russia. When Germany threatened to invade Poland, the British and French emphasized that they would come to Poland's aid. But this was a hollow guarantee. There was no way that England and France had sufficient military forces to enforce the guarantee. Nevertheless, once the attack on Poland took place, England and France declared war on Germany. The specific goal of British and French intervention was to liberate the people of Poland and Eastern Europe from the clutches of totalitarian dictatorship. And so what happened at the end of World War II? What were the consequences of the most massive death and destruction that mankind has ever seen? Were the people of Poland and Eastern Europe freed from totalitarian dictatorship? The parades and speeches in 1995, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the winning of World War II, have one primary focus with respect to the European part of the war: the defeat of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. And there is a reason for that: If people begin reflecting on the real consequences of World War II, serious doubts will begin to form, not only about that war but about foreign wars in general — and the continued existence of the U.S. military-industrial complex. In his campaign for reelection in 1940, Franklin Roosevelt assured Americans that he did not intend to involve the U.S. in the European conflict. Roosevelt was playing to public-opinion polls, since the overwhelming number of Americans did not want to intervene in the European war. Americans remembered the promises of Woodrow Wilson some twenty years before. If you will permit us to sacrifice your sons on the European battlegrounds, Wilson had told the American people, I promise you that this will be the final war — the war to end all wars — the war to make the world safe for democracy once and for all. And so thousands of Americans died so that Wilson could have his noble dream. But Wilson was wrong. Within twenty years, the warring factions were at it again. The thousands of Americans who died in the First World War died in vain. They were sacrificed for nothing. Thus, Americans overwhelmingly supported Roosevelt when he openly declared in a campaign speech on October 30,1940: "I have said this before, but I will say it again and again and again: Your boys are not going to be sent to any foreign wars." Most historians now recognize that Roosevelt knowingly and deliberately lied to the American people. At the very time he was assuring them of his intentions to stay out of the European conflict, he was making secret commitments to England to help maintain the British Empire in the Far East. He was doing his best to goad Germans submarines into attacking American vessels. And he ultimately found the "back door" to war by goading the Japanese in the Pacific. (See "December 7, 1941: The Infamy of FDR" by Jacob G. Hornberger and "Pearl Harbor: The Controversy Continues" by Sheldon Richman, Freedom Daily , December 1991.) Franklin D. Roosevelt lied his way to reelection. And the result was another American intervention into a European war. What were the results at the end of the war? Fifty million deaths. Tens of millions uprooted. Four trillion dollars in direct costs. The most massive destruction of property that mankind has ever seen. Acts of extreme brutality. Firebombings and other terroristic attacks against noncombatants. It was the most horrific event in the history of mankind. (See "The Consequences of World War II" by Sheldon Richman, Freedom Daily , November 1991.) But what about the Poles and the Eastern Europeans? After all, they were the specific reason that Great Britain and France had declared war on Germany. Surely, they were free at the end of the war. Not exactly. And this is what makes American public officials — as well as the American people — so uncomfortable. Yes, it is true that the German invaders were ousted and defeated by the Allied forces. Yes, it is true that the Poles, the Czechs, and the Eastern Europeans were saved from the clutches of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. But they were delivered into the hands of Joseph Stalin and the communists . We have been taught to believe that this was a great victory. That this brought freedom to the Eastern Europeans. That one of the great and glorious consequences of World War II was the liberation of the Eastern Europeans by Russian forces. Americans should be proud, we are told, that their sons and daughters died on the battlefield — or returned blinded or maimed — so that the Eastern Europeans could live under Stalin rather than Hitler. But many Eastern Europeans did not live under Stalin. Instead, they died under him. For Stalin — this wonderful ally of Franklin D. Roosevelt — was one of the most brutal mass murderers in all of history. While it is difficult to compare evil, Stalin has to be considered much worse than Hitler. Certainly, he was responsible for the deaths of many more people than Hitler. The estimates of Russian deaths under Joseph Stalin are estimated to be 40 million (yes, forty million individuals!), including the approximately 10 million killed as a result of Stalin's collectivization of the Russian farms in the early 1930s. Even Hitler (who killed twenty million individuals!) did not come close to matching these numbers. Ask the Poles about the mass murder at the Katyn Forest. For decades, Russian and American government officials had scoffed at the notion that, in 1940, Russian military forces had rounded up 13,000 defenseless Polish military officers, taken them to the Katyn Forest, and shot them in cold blood. Instead, the claim was that the murder was committed by Nazi forces. Now, some forty years later, the Russians themselves have admitted that it was the communists — the great liberators of Poland and Eastern Europe — the great humanitarians — the great allies of England and the U.S. — who committed the murders. Yes, the Poles were freed from the clutches of Adolf Hitler . . . so that they could live, suffer, and die at the hands of their freedom-loving liberators, Joseph Stalin and his communist comrades. Why don't Americans have the same prejudice against Joseph Stalin that they have against Adolf Hitler? Why are brutal foreign dictators always referred to by American public officials as another Adolf Hitler rather than another Joseph Stalin? One answer is that it is too painful to confront the reality of what happened to the Poles, the Czechs, and the Eastern Europeans at the end of the war — and for some forty years after that. Life under Nazism was not pleasant. But neither was life under communism. To confront the reality of who specifically won control of Poland and Eastern Europe is to confront the reason why so many Americans died in Europe: so that communism, not Nazism, would reign supreme in Eastern Europe. Moreover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who is portrayed in American history books as one of this country's greatest presidents, considered Joseph Stalin his friend. He even referred to this mass murderer as "Uncle Joe." Furthermore, since victory in World War II is always portrayed as an Allied one, Americans have a tendency to think of the three Western leaders — Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin — as "all the same." In a sense, Americans are right. For all three Allied leaders had the same ideological orientation. That is, all three believed that one of the proper roles of government was to own or control the means or results of production. The labels varied according to the country — socialism, communism, the welfare state, the planned economy, the New Deal. But the principles underlying the labels were the same. When it came to economic principles, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin were cut out of the same ideological cloth. But this was not the only similarity among the three leaders of the Allied Powers. All three, as well as FDR's successor Harry S. Truman, shared another similarity with their counterpart Adolf Hitler: all five of them participated in the mass murder of millions of innocent people. And this brings us back to the issue at hand — the dark episode in history that American officials kept secret for so long — Andrey Vlasov, forcible repatriation, and the mass murder of millions of anticommunist and anti-Stalinist Russian people. Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of Freedom Foundation.
by Jacob G. Hornberger, February 1995
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#5. To: robin (#2)
Thanks for alerting me to this article. I was well aware of this shameful re- patriation agreement - my great uncle before he died revealed to a family member that his greatest shame and sense of guilt was when he and other allied soldiers were required to turn over Russian POW's to their masters and then he heard gunfire ( shots to their heads) shortly thereafter. Very sad. He did not talk much about the war after he returned - family members thought it was because of the bloodshed he witnessed/partook on the battlefield - little did we know that the atrocity he felt most guilty about happened after the fighting had ended.
Thanks for sharing.
Those videos are a joke, and only the completely uneducated fall for them.
"We become what we behold. We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us." -- Marshall McLuhan, after Alexander Pope and William Blake.
Those videos are a joke, and only the completely uneducated fall for them. You're the joke around here, not the 9/11 videos.
They only deployed the anti Red Russians in 1944-45. Stupid too late Nazis. To top it all off, the General staff (which Hitler hated) had been screaming since 1941 to build up armies composed of side switching Russians. When Hitler finally did it he sent half of them to France to protect the Atlantic wall and turned the other half into mail clerks and mechanics.
"The more I see of life, the less I fear death" - Me.
Because the German General staff was fighting a different war then Hitler was. They thought they were fighting a war of conquest like the good old days - Hitler was fighting a Nazi war of race extermination and subjugation.
"The desire to rule is the mother of heresies." -- St. John Chrysostom
And as you know, the Communists exterminated plenty of your Greek Orthodox, White Russians. The Communist USSR was not long for this world before Hitler attacked. Many wanted to end the USSR. The reason Stalin did not want to lead the world Communist revolution like the Trotskyites wanted was because Stalin knew the nation was on the verge of collapse and could not carry such a load. If WW2 never happened the USSR would have imploded probably with the death of Stalin if not sooner. WW2 gave the USSR another 40 years of life. Hitler not only destroyed old traditional Europe he enabled the Soviets to advance into Europe. The Germans have to answer for their own failures - the Soviets may have forced millions of East Germans out of there ancestral homes but the Germans through Hitler are responsible for bringing the Soviet beast West that allowed that to happen. I don't know why any loser honor's Hitler - unless they get off on uniform wearing and night parades - which is kind of gay if you ask me.
"The desire to rule is the mother of heresies." -- St. John Chrysostom
Please stop citing Rense as a source for anything. What is wrong with the article you mention is that the anti-communist Russians were also fighting on the side of the Nazis. Churchill - even if he wanted to - could not shelter these people because of the circumstances.
"The desire to rule is the mother of heresies." -- St. John Chrysostom
I don't know anyone who honors Hitler. Even before Stalin, Lenin and the Russian Revolution were already exterminating Russian Christians. KPRF, the Russian Communist Party, have issued their own opinion on this bill. Half of the Russian population, they claim, doesn’t like the idea of burying the body of the Communist leader. The reasons of the opposing factions are very different. Orthodox Christians see him as an Antichrist, and don’t want his body to be given a Christian burial, while Communists and older people would rather have their leader available on display. According to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, if United Russia and Putin bury Lenin now, they are in danger of losing their vote. If it’s done after the elections, when the “desirable” replacements are elected, it won't matter. What signs were there that the USSR would implode, except for WWII? I've never heard that before.
That was Operation Keelhaul. “The tendency of democracies is, in all things, to mediocrity, since the tastes, knowledge, and principles of the majority form the tribunal of appeal.” James Fenimore Cooper
Rense just posts articles from other websites. At the end of the article I just posted from Rense: Read the rest of this Holocaust: http://www.bu.edu/jeremymb/papers/paper-y1.htm What is wrong with the article you mention is that the anti-communist Russians were also fighting on the side of the Nazis. Churchill - even if he wanted to - could not shelter these people because of the circumstances. At Yalta, FDR and Churchill handed Stalin tens of thousands of American POWs (never heard from again), and half of Europe. Stalin was the winner of WWII. Of course Churchill could have done something. Alexander Solzhenitsyn called this operation "the last secret of World War II." He contributed to a legal defence fund set up to help Nikolai Tolstoy, who was charged with libel in a 1989 case brought up by Lord Aldington over war crimes allegations made by Tolstoy related to this operation. Thanks for the link, I've read about that operation on this forum before.
Badly written: At Yalta, FDR and Churchill handed Stalin tens of thousands of American HELD POWs (never heard from again), and half of Europe.
"The desire to rule is the mother of heresies." -- St. John Chrysostom
NO!!! I MEANT AMERICAN POWS. That's ANOTHER little WWII secret.
My Father was not one of the "most" Americans. During the 1930s/1940 when FDR would say in his fireside chats that he would never send American boys to fight in a foreign war, my Father would call him a lying SOB. Sadly too many people waste time on the currently running gross thread when this article is so timely and so enlightening.
You might even wonder about some of the gross threads, if they are not intentional distractions. I thought you might have some insights into this man's historical perspective. The article is not new, 1995. My aunt told me my grandparents never liked FDR; he was fairly popular though.
I had read it in the past but still read every part and found it refreshing. Sidelight...My neighbor parachuted into France on D-Day..He tells this story... There was a German soldier with a rifle waiting for him, no shooting, nothing. The German helped him out of his chute and equipment, disarmed him and the two of them walked off side by side to a command post where he was turned over to others. The German spoke some English, wished him well and departed. He could never understand why the German did not shoot him. Later when the Russians neared his POW camp the Germans were trying to hustle them westward, walking. When asked why, the Germans said," you want nothing to do with the Russians".
Great story, and that was good advice, afterall.
Sad, but true.
"We become what we behold. We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us." -- Marshall McLuhan, after Alexander Pope and William Blake.
Cyni, just curious....were people aware that FDR was wheelchair bound at that time? i had heard that the tv cameras were always aimed above FDR's waist.
When it comes to heroes, Renegades are mine..
I am very old and very tired, have seen and heard all the naughty words, vulgar language and gutter obscenities, interested in none, impressed by none. Having never travelled in any social circle where such was acceptable,I find it embarrassing at the least to have such gross behavior scroll by on my screen.
I can say that most were not. There was great care taken to provide an image of FDR other than reality. FDR is also thought to have been very sick with a brain tumor, which is surmized to be the cause of his death. There was a story in The Barnes Review about all of this.
“The tendency of democracies is, in all things, to mediocrity, since the tastes, knowledge, and principles of the majority form the tribunal of appeal.” James Fenimore Cooper
No TV cameras back then, newsreels and still photographers all knew the ground rules. Yes, most knew he was in a wheelchair, it was the best "unkept" secret around. It was mostly vainity on FDRs part as people in those days had no real interest in such. There were other more important things, such as survival.
It bores me. 20,000 American soldiers deserted by the U.S. government, however, does not.
"We become what we behold. We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us." -- Marshall McLuhan, after Alexander Pope and William Blake.
I was young in the 1930s, I knew he was in a wheelchair and had seen pics of such. In fact I cannot remember much of anyone that did not know of his affliction.
duh (blush) It was mostly vainity on FDRs part as people in those days had no real interest in such. There were other more important things, such as survival. of course.
When it comes to heroes, Renegades are mine..
I'd say general knowledge about an affliction and photographing it are not the same.
I lost my brother in Germany during the closing weeks of the war. I think many Americans would be shaken if they knew how many men in the past have been written off with the stroke of a pen. I saw such during the Korean war, it took Clinton and 50 years for the government to come clean on people I was associated with.
Everyone knew he had polio. Pictures existed. It was a vanity thing and actually I think people would have cut him more slack had he been honest about it.
over 8000 after the Korean War According to post #19 above, where I posted a quote by the author of Betrayed. And these #s are conservative, from some I've read. I imagine losing a brother keeps what is just history to most, real and more recent for you.
Your original post is history to most here and has little interest. To me it is not history because I lived it. I remember Vlasov as well as I remember General Von Paulus that formed a German group of POWs to fight the Germans.
Hmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.
Yeah, it does sound familiar.
Actually I think the first TV was in 1934. It was delayed by WW2.
I would tend to agree. I have seen pics of him in a wheelchair. But there were great pains taken to try to never show him standing up. Most pictures were of him in a sitting position. I saw a picture of him from his last inaugural where he delivered his address while standing. He looked very ill and his son-in-law (in the picture also), who was in the military, was greatly concerned that he this exertion would be too much for him at that time. This was the same article which suggested that FDR suffered from the brain tumor for a number of years prior. This would be something which undoubtedly affected him at the Yalta conference shortly thereafter.
“The tendency of democracies is, in all things, to mediocrity, since the tastes, knowledge, and principles of the majority form the tribunal of appeal.” James Fenimore Cooper
There was one intentional exception. In 1941 FDR met Churchill at Argentia aboard the cruiser USS Augusta. For public consumption there was one closeup photo of FDR that went worldwide that showed him standing by himself. All of that was for a purpose. In photos released much later, they show him on the arm of a Naval officer, holding him erect.
No doubt. They worked the propaganda gig the best they could under the circumstances. I think I recall seeing that photo once upon a time.
“The tendency of democracies is, in all things, to mediocrity, since the tastes, knowledge, and principles of the majority form the tribunal of appeal.” James Fenimore Cooper
then i wasn't as dopey as i first thought. /blush
When it comes to heroes, Renegades are mine..
The joke is the Germans were educated...we deal with sperm shots rebounding off the rocks. The cabin's beautiful, the navites are naturally restive, yet very happy at the prospects...Cold, and so early.
Lots of good info there. It's time people once again hear and learn about the whole story of WWII and it's aftermath, not just selected parts of it. In a book I read recently they spoke of how after the war when the Soviets came for their guys who were taken as POWs, they simply shot and killed them.
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#6. To: scrapper2 (#5)
my great uncle before he died revealed to a family member that his greatest shame and sense of guilt was when he and other allied soldiers were required to turn over Russian POW's to their masters and then he heard gunfire ( shots to their heads) shortly thereafter.
#7. To: robin (#4)
Why don't you watch one of the great 9/11 videos? Be sure to pay attention to the Laws of Physics explained at the high school level.
#8. To: YertleTurtle, *9-11* (#7)
#9. To: Destro (#1)
Vlasov offered to help raise a Russian army to free Russia from the Reds - the stupid Nazis viewed all Slavs as sub-humans and rather have worked starved Russian POWs to death than have them as allies.
#10. To: Pissed Off Janitor (#9)
(Edited)
To top it all off, the General staff (which Hitler hated) had been screaming since 1941 to build up armies composed of side switching Russians.
#11. To: Destro (#10)
Hitler was fighting a Nazi war of race extermination and subjugation.
#12. To: robin (#11)
And as you know, the Communists exterminated plenty of your Greek Orthodox, White Russians.
#13. To: robin (#11)
#14. To: Destro (#12)
#15. To: scrapper2, robin (#5)
Thanks for alerting me to this article. I was well aware of this shameful re- patriation agreement - my great uncle before he died revealed to a family member that his greatest shame and sense of guilt was when he and other allied soldiers were required to turn over Russian POW's to their masters and then he heard gunfire ( shots to their heads) shortly thereafter. Very sad. He did not talk much about the war after he returned - family members thought it was because of the bloodshed he witnessed/partook on the battlefield - little did we know that the atrocity he felt most guilty about happened after the fighting had ended.
#16. To: Destro (#13)
Please stop citing Rense as a source for anything.
#17. To: BTP Holdings (#15)
(Edited)
Among those handed over were White Russians who had never been Soviet citizens including the General Andrei Shkuro and the Ataman of the Don Cossack host Pyotr Krasnov, despite the British Foreign Office policy stated after the Yalta Conference that only Soviet citizens, before September 1, 1939, were to be compelled to return to the USSR.
#18. To: robin (#16)
At Yalta, FDR and Churchill handed Stalin tens of thousands of American POWs (never heard from again), and half of Europe.
#19. To: Destro (#18)
"Thousands of American servicemen also disappeared – over 20,000 that the Soviets took from German prison camps and then refused to repatriate back to the United States after V-E day, over 8000 after the Korean War, far more than the reported 2000 after Vietnam, and many hundreds during the Cold War. The general explanation is that they either died in prison or ended up in slave labor camps. Undoubtedly some did. But, not all, because American POWs were highly valued by the [Soviet] KGB for use in medical experiments… [and] were human guinea pigs used to test the effects of atomic radiation on humans… [and] were used to test chemical and biological warfare agents. They were used by doctors to practice medical operations." – Joseph D. Douglass, Jr. (author of Betrayed)
#20. To: robin (#0)
Thus, it did not occur to most Americans that Roosevelt was lying to them —
#21. To: Cynicom (#20)
#22. To: robin (#21)
The article is not new, 1995.
#23. To: Cynicom (#22)
" you want nothing to do with the Russians".
#24. To: Cynicom (#20)
Sadly too many people waste time on the currently running gross thread when this article is so timely and so enlightening.
#25. To: Cynicom (#20)
#26. To: YertleTurtle (#24)
Sad, but true.
#27. To: christine (#25)
were people aware that FDR was wheelchair bound at that time? i had heard that the tv cameras were always aimed above FDR's waist.
#28. To: christine (#25)
i had heard that the tv cameras were always aimed above FDR's waist.
#29. To: Cynicom (#26)
Having never travelled in any social circle where such was acceptable,I find it embarrassing at the least to have such gross behavior scroll by on my screen.
#30. To: BTP Holdings (#27)
I can say that most were not.
#31. To: Cynicom (#28)
No TV cameras back then,
#32. To: Cynicom, BTP Holdings, christine (#30)
#33. To: YertleTurtle (#29)
20,000 American soldiers deserted by the U.S. government, however, does not.
#34. To: robin (#32)
I'd say general knowledge about an affliction and photographing it are not the same.
#35. To: Cynicom (#33)
http://www.haciendapub.com/douglass1.html
#36. To: robin (#35)
over 8000 after the Korean War
#37. To: robin (#0)
When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in 1933, Americans expected him to fulfill certain promises that he had made during the presidential campaign: balance the budget; lower taxes; reduce government spending; downsize government; and keep the U.S. out of foreign wars. Americans were in for a surprise. Roosevelt not only broke all of his promises, he also engaged in the most radical restructuring of society in American history.
#38. To: Hmmmmm (#37)
#39. To: christine (#31)
duh (blush)
#40. To: robin, christine, Cynicom (#32)
I'd say general knowledge about an affliction and photographing it are not the same.
#41. To: BTP Holdings (#40)
But there were great pains taken to try to never show him standing up.
#42. To: Cynicom (#41)
(Edited)
All of that was for a purpose.
#43. To: Cynicom (#39)
#44. To: robin (#8)
You're the joke around here, not the 9/11 videos.
“Yes, but is this good for Jews?"
#45. To: robin (#0)
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