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History See other History Articles Title: Her Life Was a Cabaret Josephine Baker Was Born Into a Difficult, Racist Age. Through Song and Dance, She Sensuously Rose Above It. She was limber, and she was wicked. She had the gift of looking just this side of muscular, and yet quite feminine. Dancing onstage, she could be a blur. It's as if there were mercury in her shoulders, something that could lift her up and spin her around. Her act was a taunt and a tease. It also was a celebration of herself. She knew sex, and she knew the lit and unlit dreams of men. And she played with those dreams as the lioness does the fawn. The clean light of Paris loved Josephine Baker, and in the 1920s she turned that metropolis into her own revolving feast. The powerful and sometimes haunting imagery from her Paris days (and much more) dominates a new exhibition of drawings, prints, posters, photos and memorabilia at the National Portrait Gallery. Showing through March 18, "Josephine Baker: Image and Icon" is aptly titled. She seemed all her life such a startling creation, an invented soul who lived better by the year. Her imagery proved too powerful to ignore, and in the end, America, blacks and whites -- she could jangle the emotions of both -- had to give her respect, give her honor. The exhibition tracks her life in ways both intimate and giddily resonant of her stardust. Born in St. Louis in 1906, young Josephine took to the vaudeville road in her teens. She rolled the coin in America as far as it would go: nightclubs, vaudeville, Broadway. A black woman -- and reminded of it daily -- she sailed for Europe before the coin fell to the curb, taking her with it. In Europe, the coin was off the curb and gleaming like a diamond. She smiled with such raw and infectious joy. In Paris, as the cabaret seasons passed, as the summers came and went, she kept dazzling. She sang, she laughed, she clowned. Home was an ocean away. On winter evenings an expatriate, even in a crowd, can feel lonely. Sometimes she cried. French artists drew her, photographers snapped her. The lithographs were colorful and bawdy. Politicians gaped at her on the stage and wondered about her America. She forced literary lions to write about her. The poet e. e. cummings said of her: "She enters through a dense electric twilight, walking backwards on hands and feet, legs and arms stiff, down a huge jungle tree as a creature neither infrahuman nor superhuman but somehow both: a mysteriously unkillable Something, equally non-primitive and uncivilized, or beyond time in the sense that emotion is beyond arithmetic." During World War II, she took part in the Rey-zis-tonce, spying on the Germans. In 1961, she was awarded the French Legion of Honor for her wartime service. Two years later, she showed at the March on Washington. It was hot as hell on the Mall. Still, she wore her Free French uniform and her Legion medal. She strode proudly right beside the Mississippi sharecroppers. She looked approachable -- and regal. Sammy Davis Jr.'s jaw dropped at the sight of her; he gave her a lift in his limo afterward. She died in 1975, and then -- with many beginning to study and ponder her life -- she began to grow like a monument. This exhibition -- originally organized by the Sheldon Art Galleries in St. Louis -- adds to the iconography. Curators have culled materials from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the National Portrait Gallery itself, as well as private collections throughout Europe and America. Here she sits in 1930, backstage at the Casino de Paris. She's wearing that art deco hairstyle and a silvery dance outfit. Her legs, bent with feet resting on another chair, rise like torpedoes. Her eyes are a riot of openness. She must be readying to pounce onto the stage. She could look androgynous, especially as captured in a 1925 Baron Adolf de Meyer portrait. It's a gelatin silver print. She wears a light-colored jacket that looks mannish. She looks so young; she had been in Paris only a few years. Black American artists, buoyed by the reception of black soldiers who had fought in World War I and been welcomed in France, started arriving in Paris during the 1920s. Baker often credited them with making her entree into French society easier. Jazzman Sidney Bechet was there; the cabaret figure Bricktop was there. In time many other blacks came: Langston Hughes, Eartha Kitt, James Baldwin, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen. Some stayed, some passed through. The French came to be quite curious about black life. The expression "le tumulte noir" was often heard: It means a fascination with black culture and life. You can move from room to room throughout the exhibit and gaze in astonishment at the grandness of a life, the global swing of a life Baker possessed. In 1951, onstage in Havana, in a strapless gown with trumpet skirt and train, she looks like Queen Nefertiti. There are cabaret and nightclub programs in the exhibit, done colorfully in lipstick red with Baker drawn on the cover. The French take production of their cabaret programs seriously. The things are gorgeous. (Notably absent from the portrait gallery gift shop, however, are any books about Baker -- save a companion edition to the exhibit -- or any editions of the several memoirs she wrote.) * * * Baker seems to have burst upon the scene a diva's diva. She hunted in style, shooting with her rifle at low-flying ducks from a boat while floating down German waterways. The Germans referred to her as "the famous dark lady." She strolled the streets of Paris with a pet cheetah. There were diamonds encrusting its leash. She kissed at the clouds; Madame Baker was very proud of her pilot's license. World-class designers were giddy when Madame Baker came in for dress fittings. Her stage act was fast; some called it savage. Sometimes she danced topless. (Those early Parisian appearances in blackface would seem to come to haunt her, as they would many a black American performer.) "Driven by dark forces I didn't recognize," she once sought to explain of her style, "I improvised, crazed by the music, the overheated theater filled to the bursting point, the scorching eye of the spotlights. Even my teeth and eyes burned with fever. Each time I leaped I seemed to touch the sky, and when I regained earth it seemed to be mine alone." She had lovers and husbands. She was never, however, able to have children of her own, though in time she would compensate by adopting a dozen. Her relationship with America was complex. In the 1930s, she returned to the country of her birth for an engagement with the Ziegfeld Follies. She believed her fame in Paris would give her currency and acceptance. But the club owners were cruel. She was told not to wear her dazzling Parisian gowns. She was given second billing to Fanny Brice. "It was a disaster," says Wendy Wick Reaves, curator of prints and drawings at the National Portrait Gallery. "The whole visit was badly conceived." Baker shook her head and scooted back across the ocean. Not all of Europe loved her. She had to go before censors in Vienna because of her "racy dancing," says Olivia Lahs-Gonzales, director and curator of the Sheldon Art Galleries, who edited the exhibit's companion book. "They were seeing her as this devil figure." There are film clips of her French movies on a small video screen in the exhibit. They were light comedies. She seemed to enjoy herself on screen. Hollywood started to come around in the mid-1930s, but the maid roles they offered made her laugh with sarcasm. Myths grew around her. "I'm tired of hearing the story of the poor Josephine Baker who had to go to France because she was poor," says Jean-Claude Baker, 13th of the children Baker cared for (the other 12 "Rainbow Children" were adopted). He now operates a restaurant, Chez Josephine, in Manhattan. He does realize the racial traumas she endured stateside. "Before going to France she was known as one of the great chorus girls in the United States. The Amsterdam News, the colored newspaper, wrote about her. The New York Times wrote about her. She was making $120 a week. But with that money, she could not go to Bloomingdale's and buy a hat." The children she adopted moved her in glorious ways. They were of various nationalities. She moved them all and herself into a castle in the Bordeaux region of France. It was a large and beautiful place, green grass and flowers everywhere. But debts mounted. In time she found herself forced to take to the stage again. She was in her 60s. Her last show was in Paris, at Club Bobino, in April 1975. It was a rather small venue. She drove a motorcycle across the stage. She reminisced with the audience. A few years earlier she had suffered a stroke, and had pulled herself back from ill health. She wore dazzling outfits and headdresses for her Bobino show. It took a lot out of her, though. A few days into that engagement, she fell asleep with glowing reviews scattered at her bedside. She never awakened. It was a cerebral hemorrhage. She was 68 years old. She died just as she lived: eyeing her own glory with a kind of bemusement and a conqueror's thrill.
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#1. To: Morgana le Fay, christine (#0)
Merry Christmas, anybody still awake?
When the going gets weird the weird turn pro. - Hunter S Thompson
well, i was going to post Merry Christmas, Darling to you but the damn youtube won't load. :P
I'm still awake and I found this article intriguing since I hadn't heard of Josephine Baker before. Adopting 12 children and going broke - that's inspirational love.
it's the thought that counts
When the going gets weird the weird turn pro. - Hunter S Thompson
There was a pretty good movie made about Ms Baker, forget what it was called. A really far-pc friend of mine swore up-and-down that Baker wrote 'times they are a changin'.
When the going gets weird the weird turn pro. - Hunter S Thompson
Baker's problem wasn't racism. She had no talent. She couldn't sing or dance. I know this because I've seen movies of her. Since she couldn't make it in the U.S., she moved to France, home of the the world's best second-raters. They embraced her, just as these days they embrace Jerry Lewis as America's best director. Unable to admit her lack of talent, she of course blamed other people for her failure. In her case, "racism." Just as other second-raters, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, do.
"We become what we behold. We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us." -- Marshall McLuhan, after Alexander Pope and William Blake.
That sort of world wide popularity doesn't come with no talent. There are literally millions of people who disagree with you. I've seen films of her performances and I don't see what you are talking about. I think you are confusing an caberet act from the 1930s with the production of a modern mixed music recording. As for Jerry Lewis, he fits with a french style of humor that doesn't exist here. The language doesn't have the dual saxon/french words that English has so the humor is much more based upon mime and eye movement than the American word play. There are simply fewer words in the language. For example English probably has 50 words to decribe smashing into somthing. French has two, percuter and "vlam". The subtile meanings are conveyed by intonation, mime and eye movement in french. Americans don't get it because they don't communicate that way. French do and Jerry Lewis does for some reason. Hence the popularity. The silliness has more meaning there than here. They are a very tightly regulated society similar to the Japanese. There are very, very high expectations in manners and conduct. You are not allowed to fail and you must achieve certain things in life or be counted as a loser. The french schools are real and nothing like American education. It is extremely rigourous - calculus in 10th grade etc. It is very science based. That is one of the ways they manage to match American acheivement in the sciences with a vastly smaller population - and they do manage to do this. That is also why the are prone to goofiness when they are off. They are under a great deal more pressure than the average American who doesn't understand algebra and takes remedial writing as a college freshman. I can see you have very little experience with the culture aside from what Limbaugh has told you. I suggest you pick up the July 2000 Time that gives a good review of it. Also remember that they treat you very differently than they would treat someone who speaks the languages and has an inkling of the culture.
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When the going gets weird the weird turn pro. - Hunter S Thompson
When the going gets weird the weird turn pro. - Hunter S Thompson
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