See other Dead Constitution Articles
Title: The Missing 13th Amendment
Source:
Gospel Plow
URL Source: http://users.frii.com/gosplow/13th.html
Published: Feb 23, 2007
Author: David Dodge/Alfred Adask
Post Date: 2007-02-23 11:44:51 by intotheabyss
Keywords: None
Views: 1546
Comments: 152
This article first appeared in the August, 1991 issue of the Antishyster. Reprinted by permission of Alfred Norman Adask, creator and proprietor of the AntiShyster News Magazine. For further information see http://www.antishyster.com or write to adask@gte.net. "TITLES OF NOBILITY" AND "HONOR" In the winter of 1983, archival research expert David Dodge, and former Baltimore police investigator Tom Dunn, were searching for evidence of government corruption in public records stored in the Belfast Library on the coast of Maine. By chance, they discovered the library's oldest authentic copy of the Constitution of the United States (printed in 1825). Both men were stunned to see this document included a 13th Amendment that no longer appears on current copies of the Constitution. Moreover, after studying the Amendment's language and historical context, they realized the principle intent of this "missing" 13th Amendment was to prohibit lawyers from serving in government. So began a seven year, nationwide search for the truth surrounding the most bizarre Constitutional puzzle in American history -- the unlawful removal of a ratified Amendment from the Constitution of the United States. Since 1983, Dodge and Dunn have uncovered additional copies of the Constitution with the "missing" 13th Amendment printed in at least eighteen separate publications by ten different states and territories over four decades from 1822 to 1860. In June of this year (1991), Dodge uncovered the evidence that this missing 13th Amendment had indeed been lawfully ratified by the state of Virginia and was therefore an authentic Amendment to the American Constitution. If the evidence is correct and no logical errors have been made, a 13th Amendment restricting lawyers from serving in government was ratified in 1819 and removed from our Constitution during the tumult of the Civil War. Since the Amendment was never lawfully repealed, it is still the Law today. The implications are enormous. The story of this "missing" Amendment is complex and at times confusing because the political issues and vocabulary of the American Revolution were different from our own. However, there are essentially two issues: What does the Amendment mean? Was the Amendment ratified? Before we consider the issue of ratification, we should first understand the Amendment's meaning and consequent current relevance. MEANING of the 13th Amendment The "missing" 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States reads as follows: "If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them." At the first reading, the meaning of this 13th Amendment (also called the "title of nobility" Amendment) seems obscure, unimportant. The references to "nobility", "honour", "emperor", "king", and "prince" lead us to dismiss this amendment as a petty post-revolution act of spite directed against the British monarchy. But in our modern world of Lady Di and Prince Charles, anti-royalist sentiments seem so archaic and quaint, that the Amendment can be ignored. Not so. Consider some evidence of its historical significance: First, "titles of nobility" were prohibited in both Article VI of the Articles of Confederation (1777) and in Article I, Sections 9 and 10 of the Constitution of the United States (1787); Second, although already prohibited by the Constitution, an additional "title of nobility" amendment was proposed in 1789, again in 1810, and according to Dodge, finally ratified in 1819. Clearly, the founding fathers saw such a serious threat in "titles of nobility" and "honors" that anyone receiving them would forfeit their citizenship. Since the government prohibited "titles of nobility" several times over four decades, and went through the amending process (even though "titles of nobility" were already prohibited by the Constitution), it's obvious that the Amendment carried much more significance for our founding fathers than is readily apparent today. HISTORICAL CONTEXT To understand the meaning of this "missing" 13th Amendment, we must understand its historical context -- the era surrounding the American Revolution. We tend to regard the notion of "Democracy" as benign, harmless, and politically unremarkable. But at the time of the American Revolution, King George III and the other monarchies of Europe saw Democracy as an unnatural, ungodly ideological threat,1 every bit as dangerously radical as Communism was once regarded by modern Western nations. Just as the 1917 Communist Revolution in Russia spawned other revolutions around the world, the American Revolution provided an example and incentive for people all over the world to overthrow their European monarchies. Even though the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War in 1783, the simple fact of our existence threatened the monarchies. The United States stood as a heroic role model for other nations, that inspired them to also struggle against oppressive monarchies. The French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Polish national uprising (1794) were in part encouraged by the American Revolution. Though we stood like a beacon of hope for most of the world, the monarchies regarded the United States as a political typhoid Mary, the principle source of radical democracy that was destroying monarchies around the world. The monarchies must have realized that if the principle source of that infection could be destroyed, the rest of the world might avoid the contagion and the monarchies would be saved. Their survival at stake, the monarchies sought to destroy or subvert the American system of government. Knowing they couldn't destroy us militarily, they resorted to more covert methods of political subversion, employing spies and secret agents skilled in bribery and legal deception -- it was, perhaps, the first "cold war". Since governments run on money, politicians run for money, and money is the usual enticement to commit treason, much of the monarchy's counter- revolutionary efforts emanated from English banks. DON'T BANK ON IT (Modern Banking System) The essence of banking was once explained by Sir Josiah Stamp, a former president of the Bank of England: "The modern banking system manufactures money out of nothing. The process is perhaps the most astounding piece of sleight of hand that was ever invented. Banking was conceived in inequity and born in sin... Bankers own the earth. Take it away from them but leave them the power to create money, and, with a flick of a pen, they will create enough money to buy it back again... Take this great power away from them, or if you want to continue to be the slaves of bankers and pay the cost of your own slavery, then let bankers continue to create money and control credit." The last great abuse of our banking system caused the depression of the 1930's. Today's abuses may cause another. Current S&L and bank scandals illustrate the on-going relationships between banks, lawyers, politicians, and government agencies (look at the current BCCI bank scandal, involving lawyer Clark Clifford, politician Jimmy Carter, the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, and even the CIA). These scandals are the direct result of years of law-breaking by an alliance of bankers and lawyers using their influence and money to corrupt the political process and rob the public. (Think you're not being robbed? Guess who's going to pay the bill for the excesses of the S&L's, taxpayer? You are.) The systematic robbery of productive individuals by parasitic bankers and lawyers is not a recent phenomenon. This abuse is a human tradition that predates the Bible and spread from Europe to America despite early colonial prohibitions. When the first United States Bank was chartered by Congress in 1790, there were only three state banks in existence. At one time, banks were prohibited by law in most states because many of the early settlers were all too familiar with the practices of the European goldsmith banks. Goldsmith banks were safe-houses used to store client's gold. In exchange for the deposited gold, customers were issued notes (paper money) which were redeemable in gold. The goldsmith bankers quickly succumbed to the temptation to issue "extra" notes, (unbacked by gold). Why? Because the "extra" notes enriched the bankers by allowing them to buy property with notes for gold that they did not own, gold that did not even exist. Colonists knew that bankers occasionally printed too much paper money, found themselves over-leveraged, and caused a "run on the bank". If the bankers lacked sufficient gold to meet the demand, the paper money became worthless and common citizens left holding the paper were ruined. Although over-leveraged bankers were sometimes hung, the bankers continued printing extra money to increase their fortunes at the expense of the productive members of society. (The practice continues to this day, and offers "sweetheart" loans to bank insiders, and even provides the foundation for deficit spending and our federal government's unbridled growth.) PAPER MONEY If the colonists forgot the lessons of goldsmith bankers, the American Revolution refreshed their memories. To finance the war, Congress authorized the printing of continental bills of credit in an amount not to exceed $200,000,000. The States issued another $200,000,000 in paper notes. Ultimately, the value of the paper money fell so low that they were soon traded on speculation from 5000 to 1000 paper bills for one coin. It's often suggested that our Constitution's prohibition against a paper economy -- "No State shall... make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a tender in Payment of Debts" -- was a tool of the wealthy to be worked to the disadvantage of all others. But only in a "paper" economy can money reproduce itself and increase the claims of the wealthy at the expense of the productive. "Paper money," said Pelatiah Webster, "polluted the equity of our laws, turned them into engines of oppression, corrupted the justice of our public administration, destroyed the fortunes of thousands who had confidence in it, enervated the trade, husbandry, and manufactures of our country, and went far to destroy the morality of our people." CONSPIRACIES A few examples of the attempts by the monarchies and banks that almost succeeded in destroying the United States: According to the Tennessee Laws (1715-1820, vol. II, p. 774), in the 1794 Jay Treaty, the United States agreed to pay 600,000 pounds sterling to King George III, as reparations for the American revolution. The Senate ratified the treaty in secret session and ordered that it not be published. When Benjamin Franklin's grandson published it anyway, the exposure and resulting public uproar so angered the Congress that it passed the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) so federal judges could prosecute editors and publishers for reporting the truth about the government. Since we had won the Revolutionary War, why would our Senators agree to pay reparations to the loser? And why would they agree to pay 600,000 pounds sterling, eleven years after the war ended? It doesn't make sense, especially in light of Senate's secrecy and later fury over being exposed, unless we assume our Senators had been bribed to serve the British monarchy and betray the American people. That's subversion. The United States Bank had been opposed by the Jeffersonians from the beginning, but the Federalists (the pro-monarchy party) won out in its establishment. The initial capitalization was $10,000,000 - -- 80% of which would be owned by foreign bankers. Since the bank was authorized to lend up to $20,000,000 (double its paid in capital), it was a profitable deal for both the government and the bankers since they could lend, and collect interest on, $10,000,000 that didn't exist. However, the European bankers outfoxed the government and by 1796, the government owed the bank $6,200,000 and was forced to sell its shares. (By 1802, our government owned no stock in the United States Bank.) The sheer power of the banks and their ability to influence representative government by economic manipulation and outright bribery was exposed in 1811, when the people discovered that European banking interests owned 80% of the bank. Congress therefore refused to renew the bank's charter. This led to the withdrawal of $7,000,000 in specie by European investors, which in turn, precipitated an economic recession, and the War of 1812. That's destruction. There are undoubtedly other examples of the monarchy's efforts to subvert or destroy the United States; some are common knowledge, others remain to be disclosed to the public. For example, David Dodge discovered a book called "2 VA LAW" in the Library of Congress Law Library. According to Dodge, "This is an un-catalogued book in the rare book section that reveals a plan to overthrow the constitutional government by secret agreements engineered by the lawyers. That is one of the reasons why this amendment was ratified by Virginia and the notification was lost in the mail. There is no public record that this book exists." That may sound surprising, but according to The Gazette (5/10/91), "the Library of Congress has 349,402 un-catalogued rare books and 13.9 million un- catalogued rare manuscripts." There may be secrets buried in that mass of documents even more astonishing than a missing Constitutional Amendment. TITLES OF NOBILITY In seeking to rule the world and destroy the United States, bankers committed many crimes. Foremost among these crimes were fraud, conversion, and plain old theft. To escape prosecution for their crimes, the bankers did the same thing any career criminal does. They hired and formed alliances with the best lawyers and judges money could buy. These alliances, originally forged in Europe (particularly in Great Britain), spread to the colonies, and later into the newly formed United States of America. Despite their criminal foundation, these alliances generated wealth, and ultimately, respectability. Like any modern member of organized crime, English bankers and lawyers wanted to be admired as "legitimate businessmen". As their criminal fortunes grew so did their usefulness, so the British monarchy legitimized these thieves by granting them "titles of nobility". Historically, the British peerage system referred to knights as "Squires" and to those who bore the knight's shields as "Esquires". As lances, shields, and physical violence gave way to the more civilized means of theft, the pen grew mightier (and more profitable) than the sword, and the clever wielders of those pens (bankers and lawyers) came to hold titles of nobility. The most common title was "Esquire" (used, even today, by some lawyers). INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION In Colonial America, attorneys trained attorneys but most held no "title of nobility" or "honor". There was no requirement that one be a lawyer to hold the position of district attorney, attorney general, or judge; a citizen's "counsel of choice" was not restricted to a lawyer; there were no state or national bar associations. The only organization that certified lawyers was the International Bar Association (IBA), chartered by the King of England, headquartered in London, and closely associated with the international banking system. Lawyers admitted to the IBA received the rank "Esquire" -- a "title of nobility". "Esquire" was the principle title of nobility which the 13th Amendment sought to prohibit from the United States. Why? Because the loyalty of "Esquire" lawyers was suspect. Bankers and lawyers with an "Esquire" behind their names were agents of the monarchy, members of an organization whose principle purposes were political, not economic, and regarded with the same wariness that some people today reserve for members of the KGB or the CIA. Article 1, Sect. 9 of the Constitution sought to prohibit the International Bar Association (or any other agency that granted titles of nobility) from operating in America. But the Constitution neglected to specify a penalty, so the prohibition was ignored, and agents of the monarchy continued to infiltrate and influence the government (as in the Jay Treaty and the US Bank charter incidents). Therefore, a "title of nobility" amendment that specified a penalty (loss of citizenship) was proposed in 1789, and again in 1810. The meaning of the amendment is seen in its intent to prohibit persons having titles of nobility and loyalties to foreign governments and bankers from voting, holding public office, or using their skills to subvert the government. HONOR The missing Amendment is referred to as the "title of nobility" Amendment, but the second prohibition against "honour" (honor), may be more significant. According to David Dodge, Tom Dunn, and Webster's Dictionary, the archaic definition of "honor" (as used when the 13th Amendment was ratified) meant anyone "obtaining or having an advantage or privilege over another". A contemporary example of an "honor" granted to only a few Americans is the privilege of being a judge: Lawyers can be judges and exercise the attendant privileges and powers; non-lawyers cannot. By prohibiting "honors", the missing Amendment prohibits any advantage or privilege that would grant some citizens an unequal opportunity to achieve or exercise political power. Therefore, the second meaning (intent) of the 13th Amendment was to ensure political equality among all American citizens, by prohibiting anyone, even government officials, from claiming or exercising a special privilege or power (an "honor") over other citizens. If this interpretation is correct, "honor" would be the key concept in the 13th Amendment. Why? Because, while "titles of nobility" may no longer apply in today's political system, the concept of "honor" remains relevant. For example, anyone who had a specific "immunity" from lawsuits which were not afforded to all citizens, would be enjoying a separate privilege, an "honor", and would therefore forfeit his right to vote or hold public office. Think of the "immunities" from lawsuits that our judges, lawyers, politicians, and bureaucrats currently enjoy. As another example, think of all the "special interest" legislation our government passes: "special interests" are simply euphemisms for "special privileges" (honors).2 WHAT IF? (Implications if Restored) If the missing 13th Amendment were restored, "special interests" and "immunities" might be rendered unconstitutional. The prohibition against "honors" (privileges) would compel the entire government to operate under the same laws as the citizens of this nation. Without their current personal immunities (honors), our judges and I.R.S. agents would be unable to abuse common citizens without fear of legal liability. If this 13th Amendment were restored, our entire government would have to conduct itself according to the same standards of decency, respect, law, and liability as the rest of the nation. If this Amendment and the term "honor" were applied today, our government's ability to systematically coerce and abuse the public would be all but eliminated. Imagine! A government without special privileges or immunities. How could we describe it? It would be ... almost like ... a government ... of the people ... by the people ... for the people! Imagine: a government ... whose members were truly accountable to the public; a government that could not systematically exploit its own people! It's unheard of ... it's never been done before. Not ever in the entire history of the world. Bear in mind that Senator George Mitchell of Maine and the National Archives concede this 13th Amendment was proposed by Congress in 1810. However, they explain that there were seventeen states when Congress proposed the "title of nobility" Amendment; that ratification required the support of thirteen states, but since only twelve states supported the Amendment, it was not ratified. The Government Printing Office agrees; it currently prints copies of the Constitution of the United States which include the "title of nobility" Amendment as proposed, but un-ratified. Even if this 13th Amendment were never ratified, even if Dodge and Dunn's research or reasoning is flawed or incomplete, it would still be an extraordinary story. Can you imagine, can you understand how close we came to having a political paradise, right here on Earth? Do you realize what an extraordinary gift our forebears tried to bequeath us? And how close we came? One vote. One state's vote. The federal government concedes that twelve states voted to ratify this Amendment between 1810 and 1812. But they argue that ratification require thirteen states, so the Amendment lays stillborn in history, unratified for lack of a just one more state's support. One vote. David Dodge, however, says one more state did ratify, and he claims he has the evidence to prove it. PARADISE LOST, RATIFICATION FOUND In 1789, the House of Representatives compiled a list of possible Constitutional Amendments, some of which would ultimately become our Bill of Rights. The House proposed seventeen; the Senate reduced the list to twelve. During this process that Senator Tristrain Dalton (Mass.) proposed an Amendment seeking to prohibit and provide a penalty for any American accepting a "title of Nobility" (RG 46 Records of the U.S. Senate). Although it wasn't passed, this was the first time a "title of nobility" amendment was proposed. Twenty years later, in January, 1810, Senator Reed proposed another "Title of Nobility" Amendment (History of Congress, Proceedings of the Senate, p. 529- 530). On April 27, 1810, the Senate voted to pass this 13th Amendment by a vote of 26 to 1; the House resolved in the affirmative 87 to 3; and the following resolve was sent to the States for ratification: "If any citizen of the United States shall Accept, claim, receive or retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall, without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them." The Constitution requires three-quarters of the states to ratify a proposed amendment before it may be added to the Constitution. When Congress proposed the "Title of Nobility" Amendment in 1810, there were seventeen states, thirteen of which would have to ratify for the Amendment to be adopted. According to the National Archives, the following is a list of the twelve states that ratified, and their dates of ratification: Ratification of Original 13th Amendment Maryland, Dec. 25, 1810 Kentucky, Jan. 31, 1811 Ohio, Jan. 31, 1811 Delaware, Feb. 2, 1811 Pennsylvania, Feb. 6, 1811 New Jersey, Feb. 13, 1811 Vermont, Oct. 24, 1811 Tennessee, Nov. 21, 1811 Georgia, Dec. 13, 1811 North Carolina, Dec. 23, 1811 Massachusetts, Feb. 27, 1812 New Hampshire, Dec. 10, 1812 Before a thirteenth state could ratify, the War of 1812 broke out with England. By the time the war ended in 1814, the British had burned the Capitol, the Library of Congress, and most of the records of the first 38 years of government. Whether there was a connection between the proposed "title of nobility" amendment and the War of 1812 is not known. However, the momentum to ratify the proposed Amendment was lost in the tumult of war. Then, four years later, on December 31, 1817, the House of Representatives resolved that President Monroe inquire into the status of this Amendment. In a letter dated February 6, 1818, President Monroe reported to the House that the Secretary of State Adams had written to the governors of Virginia, South Carolina and Connecticut to tell them that the proposed Amendment had been ratified by twelve States and rejected by two (New York and Rhode Island), and asked the governors to notify him of their legislature's position. (House Document No. 76) (This, and other letters written by the President and the Secretary of State during the month of February, 1818, note only that the proposed Amendment had not yet been ratified. However, these letters would later become crucial because, in the absence of additional information they would be interpreted to mean the amendment was never ratified). On February 28, 1818, Secretary of State Adams reported the rejection of the Amendment by South Carolina. [House Doc. No. 129]. There are no further entries regarding the ratification of the 13th Amendment in the Journals of Congress; whether Virginia ratified is neither confirmed nor denied. Likewise, a search through the executive papers of Governor Preston of Virginia does not reveal any correspondence from Secretary of State Adams. (However, there is a journal entry in the Virginia House that the Governor presented the House with an official letter and documents from Washington within a time frame that conceivably includes receipt of Adams' letter.) Again, no evidence of ratification; none of denial. However, on March 10, 1819, the Virginia legislature passed Act No. 280 (Virginia Archives of Richmond, "misc." file, p. 299 for micro-film): "Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that there shall be published an edition of the Laws of this Commonwealth in which shall be contained the following matters, that is to say: the Constitution of the united States and the amendments thereto..." This act was the specific legislated instructions on what was, by law, to be included in the re-publication (a special edition) of the Virginia Civil Code. The Virginia Legislature had already agreed that all Acts were to go into effect on the same day -- the day that the Act to re-publish the Civil Code was enacted. Therefore, the 13th Amendment's official date of ratification would be the date of re- publication of the Virginia Civil Code: March 12, 1819. The Delegates knew Virginia was the last of the 13 States that were necessary for the ratification of the 13th Amendment. They also knew there were powerful forces allied against this ratification so they took extraordinary measures to make sure that it was published in sufficient quantity (4,000 copies were ordered, almost triple their usual order), and instructed the printer to send a copy to President James Monroe as well as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. (The printer, Thomas Ritchie, was bonded. He was required to be extremely accurate in his research and his printing, or he would forfeit his bond.) In this fashion, Virginia announced the ratification: by publication and dissemination of the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution. There is question as to whether Virginia ever formally notified the Secretary of State that they had ratified this 13th Amendment. Some have argued that because such notification was not received (or at least, not recorded), the Amendment was therefore not legally ratified. However, printing by a legislature is prima facie evidence of ratification. Further, there is no Constitutional requirement that the Secretary of State, or anyone else, be officially notified to complete the ratification process. The Constitution only requires that three- fourths of the states ratify for an Amendment to be added to the Constitution. If three-quarters of the states ratify, the Amendment is passed. Period. The Constitution is otherwise silent on what procedure should be used to announce, confirm, or communicate the ratification of amendments. Knowing they were the last state necessary to ratify the Amendment, the Virginians had every right announce their own and the nation's ratification of the Amendment by publishing it on a special edition of the Constitution, and so they did. Word of Virginia's 1819 ratification spread throughout the States and both Rhode Island and Kentucky published the new Amendment in 1822. Ohio first published in 1824. Maine ordered 10,000 copies of the Constitution with the 13th Amendment to be printed for use in the schools in 1825, and again in 1831 for their Census Edition. Indiana Revised Laws of 1831 published the 13th Article on p. 20. Northwestern Territories published in 1833. Ohio published in 1831 and 1833. Then came the Wisconsin Territory in 1839; Iowa Territory in 1843; Ohio again, in 1848; Kansas Statutes in 1855; and Nebraska Territory six times in a row from 1855 to 1860. So far, David Dodge has identified eleven different states or territories that printed the Amendment in twenty separate publications over forty-one years. And more editions including this 13th Amendment are sure to be discovered. Clearly, Dodge is onto something. You might be able to convince some of the people, or maybe even all of them, for a little while, that this 13th Amendment was never ratified. Maybe you can show them that the ten legislatures which ordered it published eighteen times we've discovered (so far) consisted of ignorant politicians who don't know their amendments from their... ahh, articles. You might even be able to convince the public that our forefathers never meant to "outlaw" public servants who pushed people around, accepted bribes or special favors to "look the other way." Maybe. But before you do, there's an awful lot of evidence to be explained. THE AMENDMENT DISAPPEARS In 1829, the following note appears on p. 23, Vol. 1 of the New York Revised Statutes: "In the edition of the Laws of the U.S. before referred to, there is an amendment printed as article 13, prohibiting citizens from accepting titles of nobility or honor, or presents, offices, &c. from foreign nations. But, by a message of the president of the United States of the 4th of February, 1818, in answer to a resolution of the house of representatives, it appears that this amendment had been ratified only by 12 states, and therefore had not been adopted. See Vol. IV of the printed papers of the 1st session of the 15th congress, No. 76." In 1854, a similar note appeared in the Oregon Statutes. Both notes refer to the Laws of the United States, 1st vol. p. 73(or 74). It's not yet clear whether the 13th Amendment was published in Laws of the United States, 1st Vol., prematurely, by accident, in anticipation of Virginia's ratification, or as part of a plot to discredit the Amendment by making is appear that only twelve States had ratified. Whether the Laws of the United States Vol. 1 (carrying the 13th Amendment) was re-called or made-up is unknown. In fact, it's not even clear that the specified volume was actually printed -- the Law Library of the Library of Congress has no record of its existence. However, because the notes' authors reported no further references to the 13th Amendment after the Presidential letter of February, 1818, they apparently assumed the ratification process had ended in failure at that time. If so, they neglected to seek information on the Amendment after 1818, or at the state level, and therefore missed the evidence of Virginia's ratification. This opinion -- assuming that the Presidential letter of February, 1818, was the last word on the Amendment -- has persisted. However, despite Clayton's opinion, the Amendment continued to be published in various states and territories for at least another eleven years (the last known publication was in the Nebraska territory in 1860) (end of report) Gospel Plow's Notes (GP note) The founders also found democracy a threat, as it amounts to nothing more, or less, than mob rule. The united States of America were established as independent republics. This is why the constitution in Article IV reads: Article IV, Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislatures cannot be convened), against domestic violence. In a democracy, the people or their representatives may pass any law whatsoever that they deem necessary; thus inevitably the minority will be oppressed by the majority. In a republic, all law is subject to a higher standard, which Blackstone's Law Commentaries identifies as "God's Law", and any law that stands in conflict with this higher Law is null and void. A republic preserves the biblical concept that the government is a "minister" of God, upholding His righteous command to punish the evildoer and encourage good works. A democracy makes the majority "god", capable of determining good and evil by popular opinion. (GP note) The above interpretation may be correct. Gospel Plow, however, regards the "Order of Cincinnati" created after the war by officers of the Continental Army in order to bestow upon themselves hereditary titles of nobility to be the abomination that inspired the original 13th Amendment. See Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution (Boston: 1805; reprint, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1988), 615-22. Perhaps, as is usually the case, there were a number of factors that inspired the original 13th Amendment... and an array of forces opposing it's recognition as the law of the land.
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#1. To: intotheabyss (#0)
I call bullshit. Some of the guys who wrote the constitution were lawyers. They wouldn't have written themselves out of the gummint they were creating. And I didn't join some secret British cabal and kiss the ass of the queen when I was admitted to the bar. I passed a test and took an oath in front of a judge that had nothing to do with the queen and everything to do with the laws of the State of Texas, and later, of the US.
the law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal bread.
"The first thing we do, lets kill all the lawyers." -- Shakespeare, Dick the butcher in Henry the Sixth, Part 2, Act 4, Scene 4.
It happened, I'm sorry you can't believe it. People have looked at text books that were used in the navy and army written shortly after its passage and there it is in the section spelling out the constitution. Do some research and I think you will find me correct.
Have any of you guys checked this out?
I've attended events where Al was one of the guest speakers a couple of times.
Did you find his information accurate?
take your best shot, cowboy.
the law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal bread.
The article takes an amendment (that may or may not have been ratified, and I don't care, really) that bans the acceptance of foreign titles and such (without mentioning attorneys at all) and extends that to the licensure of attorneys. That's the bullshit part.
the law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal bread.
That's the bullshit part. You may have a point.
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength, Bush is President
i think there are some things to add: ESQ means nothing - i can write my own name freely terminating it with ESQ. it is simply a notation that denotes a level of respect. on the other hand: the guys who wrote the constitution weren't the people that drafted or ratified the 13th amendment. as an aside: 1. why does the Supreme Court have "justices", and not "judges"? 2. what is the difference is between "State of Texas" and "Texas state"? 3. when you say "US", is that singular or plural? 4. where do BARs derive any authority to do anything? 5. are the BARs 501.3(c) corporations? :)
No, the bullshit part is that in all of these nutty "missing Amendments" and "The Queen controls the Bar", "Admiralty Law and the fringed flag" theories, they never include a digital picture of these alleged primary documents on their webpage. It's 2007 and even the telephones have digital cameras, yet they can never come up with picture proof. It's always: "We went down to the government archives office and looked, we swear it. Trust us." I can see the doofuses falling for this shit in 1988, but not in this day and age.
Hell, 11 branch dividians are in jail even though the jury did not find them guilty. The judge took it upon himself to send them to jail. In today's world our legal system is completely screwed up
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength, Bush is President
It's kind of fun to read it, I suppose, and think of the "world that might have been", but really would we have wound up with anything different? I don't think so.
the law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal bread.
That's why our military had this amendment in it's text books shortly after it's passage. I guess our military hierarchy was nutty also. Pull you head out.
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength, Bush is President
And I'm sure you have digital facsimiles of the pages of these textbooks to back your claim up.
yes - i agree - i have been a victim of *severe* "judicial" corruption lasting almost a decade. i have seen it all ...
I personally don't have any "digital facsimiles". Your right, it must not exist. Your powers of logic are impeccable and it is pointless for me to argue with you any further.
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength, Bush is President
Yeah, silly me asking for evidence. I should just take some anonymous dickhead's claim on the internet as gospel and never show skepticism no matter how outlandish the claims. Kind of like you did.
It's 2007 and even the telephones have digital cameras, yet they can never come up with picture proof. It's always: "We went down to the government archives office and looked, we swear it. Trust us." I can see the doofuses falling for this shit in 1988, but not in this day and age. Then you have to contend with either the uninformed, the moronic or the flat out shills posting the above BS.
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength, Bush is President
It's obvious I hit a cord. Sorry ;)
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength, Bush is President
Yeah,mmmmm, uh-huh. Well, when you come across anything resembling evidence, you just give me a ping there Chuckles. I'll be on pins and needles in anticipation. Otherwise just STFU.
It's going to be hard to lead you by the hand to a war college to view their early textbooks from here so I guess you are on your own.
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength, Bush is President
No, the bullshit part is that in all of these nutty "missing Amendments" and "The Queen controls the Bar", "Admiralty Law and the fringed flag" theories, they never include a digital picture of these alleged primary documents on their webpage. the fringed flag stuff is in the US Code. i think it's a matter of finding out yourself - i mean to say, politely, that these are things that people don't want to research for you. i will show you why ... lets take on the Admiralty Law issue for example: Admiralty Rules are all in Title 28 now. i have all the original admiralty rules and the books on where they all are now. they are horrendously large in volume. to start with read Southworth Machinery Co. Inc v. F/V Corey Pride, et al 1993 AMC 2261 wherein they say UCC is a source of Admiralty Law and UCC is considered a source for Federal Admiralty Law. that will get you going. now pull the commentaries on American Law by James Kent Vol 1 Fourth Ed. this explains the admiralty jurisdiction in the federal courts. pull the Tulane Law Review Vol 55 1980 1981 titled Admiralty Procedure for Maritime Action in Rem found Unconstitutional. after reading these, go to The United States Code Annotated Title 28 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rules 77 to end. in there is Index to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 1st Vol of this title starting on page 109. there you have three columns: Former Admiralty Rules|Federal Rules of Civil Proc.|Fed. Rules of Appl. Proc. Admiralty rule 1 to 60|present rules as they are...|Appl. rules then pull US CODE ANNOTATED Title 28 1989 Cumulative Annual Pocket Part that has amendments through January 1, 1989. for close of notes see page 111. ok, now we get to the meat of in depth. go pull IRC regs 301.7401-1 authorization. yes, it is under admiralty under the commercial nature of Maritime. revenue is straight admiralty. this will be supported by pulling 3 How. iii Index of Principal Matters page 807. that leads you to 10 How. v. Rules of Court, two pages, then 13 How. vi in the Index starts with abatement pages 695, 696. then 17 How. vi under abatement Account Admiralty, one page, then 21 How 10 Admiralty Rule, then 1 Black 6 General Rules, two pages, 6 & 7, then 7 Wall general Rule December 1868, then 13 Wall xii supplementary Rules of Practice of admiralty at xii, xiii & xiv, then 103 U.S. xiii Rules of Practice in Admiralty, 112 U.S. 743 Appendix Amendment to Rules. Supreme Court of The United States 1882 Rules in Admiralty, then 130 U.S. 705 Appendix another amendment, then 160 U.S. 693 1895 Amendment, then 210 U.S. 544 is the real deal Index to Admiralty Rules. this gives every Admiralty Rule made. on page 544 it states Rules of Practice for the Courts of the United States in Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction, on the Instance side of the Court, in Pursuance of the Act of the 23d of August, 1842, Chapter 188, 5 stat 516. this ends on page 711. now pull 281 U.S. 773 the Amended Rules becoming effective October 1, 1930. then more amendments in 286 U.S. 572 May 1932, then 307 U.S. 653 More Amendments to page 659 effective May 22, 1939, then 316 U.S. 716 Amendments May 4, 1942. now I am skipping some more amending and going to 308 U.S. 1019 Appendix Containing Amendments to Rules of Civil Procedure for the United States District Courts--Rules of Practice in Admiralty and Maritime Cases and General Orders in Bankruptcy and the Official Forms Prescribed by the Supreme Court of The United States Effective July 19, 1961. this ends at page 1041. now all this will conclusively prove that the Civil Rules Title 28 have always been Admiralty Rules. more proof? now pull Federal Rules Decisions Vol 34 Opinions, Decisions and Rulings involving the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. starting on page 331 going to page 370. now on page 369 and 370 they show the disposition of Admiralty Rules into Title 28. here are some of the Rules that are Admiralty. i give you only some of the Admiralty Rule then the Title 28 Rule Admiralty Rule Title 28 Rule 7 54d 8 Supplemental rule E6 20 69-71 21 8 & Supp. R. C2 23 15 27 12 & 56 28 55 & 60 29 12 f 26 et sec 35 11 & 12f 44 83 441/2 16 46 43 and 28 usc 753 48 7a,8d, and 12a & b 56 14 58 56 59 57 starting to get the picture? now go to the FRD and pull Vol 39 which is dated 1966 when they really dumped it in your lap. on the Amendment page it states Transmitted to Congress Feb, 28, 1966. Effective date of Amendments: July 1, 1966; see Orders pages 183, 203, 18 USCA 3771, and 28 USCA 2072 2073. For preliminary Draft of Proposed Rules see 34 FRD 325. now I am only a quarter through what you all need to know. but this will prove beyond any doubt that we have all been under Admiralty Rules from the start. why? because we are still under the International Rule of the Crown and have always been. need I say more? go read the Cory Pride case about UCC and Admiralty law which is the International law merchant. if that isn't bad, read 98 FRD 374. anyone now want to challenge that all the above is made up and admiralty isn't working on you today as we speak?
But you've seen the pages right? I mean surely you saw them with your own eyes? And you forgot to take a photocopy? I mean it's a simple slip of the mind when you come across something of that magnitude of earth shattering historical significance. Easy to do, I know. I hate when that happens; you know like when you come across something really cool on a trip and your camera is in the trunk. Damn. And it certainly wouldn't be worth you going back now to get that evidence, This is small potatoes. A discovery like this would only get a write up in every historical publication in the United States, and you got bigger things going on in your life now. I completely understand.
People need to realize this is exactly why judges are doing the nutty things we hear about. Under Constitutional law they would be limited but under Admiralty law they can bend you over pretty good.
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength, Bush is President
So all of that long post says what about the fringe flag being in a courtroom makes it under Admiralty law? Oh that's right, nothing. LOL.
i told you - go look at the US Code for fringed flag stuff. now go read all the references i gave you and don't waste my time. i have better things to do than answer your questions while you are too lazy to read the references - too bad - it is that tough, and if you can't handle it, don't ask. the answers you seek are in following and reading all the references i gave you. that really pisses me off.
No, you made a claim now back it up. That's how it works. I'm not going off on a wild goose chase through thousands of pages of US Code, just to find out you're full of shit.
moron. i have taken the time to search all the statutes on the fact that 28 USC is in fact where all the Admiralty Rules lie, not just the Supplemental Rules as 99 percent of people think. Title 28 *is* the statute for admiralty. read the intro chapters in the very beginning of Title 28. here are the Admiralty Rules and the Title 28 Rule where they now lie. APPENDIX III TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ADMIRALTY RULES Admiralty rule 1 .............As to commencement of action see FRCP 3; as to service of process see FRCP 4(c). 2 .............As to summons, see FRCP 4; as to arrest of the person, see Note Supplemental Rule A; as to attachment and garnishment, see Supplemental Rule B(1). 3 .............See Note to Supplemental Rule A. 4 .............See Note to Supplemental Rule A. As to summary procedure against surety, see FRCP 65.1 (Proposed ). 5 .............See Supplemental Rule E(5). As to summary pro- cedure against surety, see FRCP 65.1 (Proposed 6 .............See Supplemental Rule E(5). 7 ............ See FRCP 54(d). 8 .............See Supplemental Rule E(6) 9 .............See Supplemental Rule C(5). 10 ............See Supplemental Rules C(3), C(4), E(4) 11 ............See Supplemental Rule E(9). 12 ............See Supplemental Rules E(5), E(9) 13 14 15 16 ............See Supplemental Rule C(1). 17 18 19 ............See Supplemental Rule 1). 20 ............See FRCP 69-71 21 ............See FRCP 8; Supplemental Rule C(2) 22 ............See FRCP 8; Supplemental Rules B(1) C(2), F(2) 23 ............See FRCP 15 24 ............See Supplemental Rules E(2), F(1) 25 ............See Supplemental Rule C(6) 26 ............See FRCP 7-12 27 ........... See FRCP 12, 55 28 ............See FRCP 55, 60. 29 ............See FRCP 12(f), 26 et seq. 30 ............See FRCP 26, 33, 37; 4 Moore's Federal Practice 1282, 2337 30A ...........See FRCP 26 30B ...........See FRCP 27 30C ...........See FRCP 28 34 F.R.D.--24 pg. 369 pg. 370 FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Admiralty rule 30D ..........See FRCP 29 30E ..........See FRCP 30 30F ..........See FRCP 31 3OG ..........See FRCP 32 31 ...........See FRCP 33 32 ...........See FRCP 34 32A ..........See FRCP 35 32B ..........See FRCP 36 32C ..........See FRCP 37 32D...........See FRCP 45 33 ...........See FRCP 33 and 30 (b) 34 ...........See FRCP 24(a) 35 ...........See FRCP 11 and 12(f) 36 ...........See Supplemental Rules B (3) (a), E (4) 37 ...........See Supplemental Rule C (3) 38 ...........See FRCP 41(b) 39 ...........See FRCP 55(c), 60(b) 40 ...........See Supplemental Rule E(9) 41 ...........Superseded; covered by 28 U.S.C. 2041, 2042 42 ...........See FRCP 24 43 ...........See FRCP 53 431/2.........See FRCP 53 44 ...........See FRCP 83 441/2.........See FRCP 16 45 ...........Omitted because the practice of taking further proof on appeal is virtually obsolete, and also because regulation of the practice on appeal seems beyond the scope of rule making power conferred by 28 U.S.C. 2073 46 ...........See FRCP 43 ans 28 U.S.C. 753 461/2 ........See FRCP 52 46A...........See FRCP 43(b) 46B.......... See FRCP 43(c) 47 ...........See FRCP 54(d) 48 ...........See FRCP 7(a), 8(d),and 12(a) (b) 49 ...........See FRCP 75, 76 50 ...........See Supplemental Rule E(7) 51 ...........See Supplemental Rules F(1), F(2), F(3), F(4) 52 ...........See Supplemental Rules F(5), F(6), F(7), F(8) 53 ...........See Supplemental Rules F(2), F(5) 54 ...........See Supplemental Rule F(9) 55 ...........Omitted as obsolete. A temporary provision designed to give the benefit of limitation to owners in cases pending on appeal when the limitation Rules were promulgated 56 ...........See FRCP 14 57 ...........See Supplemental Rule E(5). 58 ...........See FRCP 56 59 .......... See FRCP 57
So, you got nothing just like your buddy up the thread. Typical 'patriot' shortwaver bullshit, then get pissy when you get called on it. Whatever. Have a nice life in 'patriot land'.
Does this mean that Rudy can't run?
Let's see - did Article one of the Constitution make this moot, or what? Thus the 13th Amendment was that slavery stuff, right? I'm confused. So, if the original 13th Amendment was trashed, why is it important? What Am I missing, here?
So, you got nothing just like your buddy up the thread. Typical 'patriot' shortwaver bullshit, then get pissy when you get called on it. Whatever. Have a nice life in 'patriot land'. This, I think.
And one name read and no one really cared
http://www.google.com/search?q="gold+fringe"+us+code&num=100&lr=lang_en you can read about flags at the link above, i am not very interested in it, but you will find everything you need to know. here is a good link that is fairly complete in the history of the flag in law and in practice: http://www.outlawslegal.com/organic/flag.htm i slightly apologize for being short tempered. i have been up all night dealing with a frozen water pipe. on the other hand, you are lazy and ignorant and don't really deserve an answer to your questions, you are just being a pest.
When my bro was in the army a 2nd louie jammed him up for not saluting the flag, and he corrected the officer. He was required to salute the colors, and according to his handbook (which the officer made him retrieve) the colors are defined as the flag trimmed in gold fringe. (the flag being raised had none) The officer admitted error and was shocked to learn that as a matter of law they are not required to salute any ol' flag raising or lowering while in uniform.
the major point of all the admiralty stuff i posted is that we never won the revolutionary war - everything is a lie - there's really nothing in "standard history texts" that is honest. he who controls the past controls the present, and he who controls the present controls the future. we are no different than Canada or Australia or New Zealand or any other territory of the Crown. and so, yes, BAR members are in service to the Crown - but i am not going to prove every detail - it took me a long time to relate and format what i already have. and there is plenty enough to go on to understand this. what usually happens at the end of a war? how is a war officially ended? you have terms of surrender - that never happened at the end of the Revolution. the US didn't win the war. and if you think about it, it's kind of silly to assume the US beat the greatest military power on earth at the time with 10,000 rag-tag soldiers.
Tell that to the Iraqis. We won the Revolutionary war. We just lost it again in 1865.
How many deaths will it take till he knows, that too many people have died?
2. what is the difference is between "State of Texas" and "Texas state"? 3. when you say "US", is that singular or plural? 4. where do BARs derive any authority to do anything? 5. are the BARs 501.3(c) corporations? :) do i get any answers for all my work? :) ???
ok - show me the terms of surrender - and i will gladly agree. i have shown you above, if you care to check all the references (i can't read for you), that we are still under the Crown.
Nor even any of them. we are no different than Canada or Australia or New Zealand Ok, who's the Governor General of the United States?
another interesting 'major' item in the study of law is the fact that we do not have any "judicial" Article III courts (actually, i think there are 2 - the court of international trade, and the DC district court), but for all intensive purposes, we have NO JUDICIAL SYSTEM - all federal courts are Article IV territorial/legislative/administrative courts. interesting, ha?
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#2. To: bluedogtxn (#1)
#3. To: bluedogtxn (#1)
They wouldn't have written themselves out of the gummint they were creating.
#4. To: christine, bluedogtxn, who knows what evil, robin, horse, Peetie Wheatstraw, bluegrass, Jethro Tull, randge, Lady X, Sam Houston, Give Me Liberty, lodwick, Red Jones, Texans, Californians, Arizonans (#0)
ping
#5. To: intotheabyss (#4)
Alfred Norman Adask
#6. To: christine (#5)
I've attended events where Al was one of the guest speakers a couple of times.
#7. To: 2cb (#2)
"The first thing we do, lets kill all the lawyers."
#8. To: intotheabyss (#3)
It happened, I'm sorry you can't believe it.
#9. To: bluedogtxn (#8)
and extends that to the licensure of attorneys.
#10. To: bluedogtxn (#1)
#11. To: bluedogtxn (#8)
That's the bullshit part.
#12. To: 2cb (#10)
#13. To: SmokinOPs (#11)
... can see the doofuses falling for this shit in 1988, but not in this day and age.
#14. To: SmokinOPs (#11)
No, the bullshit part is that in all of these nutty "missing Amendments"
#15. To: intotheabyss (#14)
That's why our military had this amendment in it's text books shortly after it's passage.
#16. To: intotheabyss (#12)
Hell, 11 branch dividians are in jail even though the jury did not find them guilty. The judge took it upon himself to send them to jail.
#17. To: SmokinOPs (#15)
And I'm sure you have digital facsimiles of the pages of these textbooks to back your claim up.
#18. To: intotheabyss (#17)
Your powers of logic are impeccable and it is pointless for me to argue with you any further.
#19. To: 2cb (#16)
No, the bullshit part is that in all of these nutty "missing Amendments" and "The Queen controls the Bar", "Admiralty Law and the fringed flag" theories, they never include a digital picture of these alleged primary documents on their webpage.
#20. To: SmokinOPs (#18)
I should just take some anonymous dickhead's claim
#21. To: intotheabyss (#20)
It's obvious I hit a cord.
#22. To: SmokinOPs (#21)
Yeah,mmmmm, uh-huh. Well, when you come across anything resembling evidence, you just give me a ping there Chuckles. I'll be on pins and needles in anticipation.
#23. To: SmokinOPs (#18)
(Edited)
Yeah, silly me asking for evidence. I should just take some anonymous dickhead's claim on the internet as gospel and never show skepticism no matter how outlandish the claims. Kind of like you did.
#24. To: intotheabyss (#22)
It's going to be hard to lead you by the hand to a war college to view their early textbooks from here so I guess you are on your own.
#25. To: 2cb (#23)
anyone now want to challenge that all the above is made up and admiralty isn't working on you today as we speak?
#26. To: 2cb (#23)
#27. To: SmokinOPs (#26)
So all of that long post says what about the fringe flag being in a courtroom makes it under Admiralty law? Oh that's right, nothing. LOL.
#28. To: 2cb (#27)
(Edited)
i told you - go look at the US Code for fringed flag stuff.
#29. To: SmokinOPs (#28)
(Edited)
#30. To: 2cb (#29)
#31. To: intotheabyss, Critter, Christine, Brian S, Honway, Robin, Aristeides, Red Jones, Diana, Kamala, All (#0)
#32. To: intotheabyss, Critter, Christine, Brian S, Honway, Robin, Aristeides, Red Jones, Diana, Kamala, All (#0)
#33. To: SKYDRIFTER (#32)
What Am I missing, here?
#34. To: SmokinOPs (#30)
(Edited)
#35. To: 2cb, SmokinOPs (#27)
i told you - go look at the US Code for fringed flag stuff.
#36. To: All (#34)
#37. To: 2cb (#36)
the US didn't win the war. and if you think about it, it's kind of silly to assume the US beat the greatest military power on earth at the time with 10,000 rag-tag soldiers.
#38. To: bluedogtxn (#10)
1. why does the Supreme Court have "justices", and not "judges"?
#39. To: bluedogtxn (#37)
We won the Revolutionary war. We just lost it again in 1865.
#40. To: 2cb (#36)
...but i am not going to prove every detail
#41. To: All (#39)
.
.
.