Introduction
Jewish ritual murder, commonly referred to as the “blood libel”, is a historically persistent accusation that claims Jewish individuals engage in the ritualistic torture and murder of non-Jews (particularly children) for the purpose of extracting their blood, often alleged to occur during Jewish holidays such as Passover. According to Wikipedia and most modern historians, it’s simply a false antisemitic accusation. The countless cases throughout history have been supposedly fabricated by antisemites and have no basis in reality.
Another common belief among people is that the “blood libel” is simply a manifestation of medieval prejudice because the most infamous cases (Simon of Trent and William of Norwich) originate from that historical period. However, this accusation is, in fact, much older than the medieval era and has persisted for hundreds of years after the conclusion of that period, extending even into the last century. This article aims to explore the complete history of this accusation.
The Complete History (1st Century B.C. - 20th Century A.D.)The first occurrence of blood libel in literature was in the book “On the Judeans” by Greek historian Damocritus who is believed to have lived in the first century B.C. Unfortunately, the original texts authored by Damocritus have been lost to history. However, a passage referencing this subject has been preserved in the Suda (a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia):
“Δαμόκριτος, ἱστορικός. Περὶ Ἰουδαίων· ἐν ᾧ φησιν, ὅτι χρυσῆν ὄνου κεφαλὴν προσεκύνουν καὶ κατὰ ἑπταετίαν ξένον ἀγρεύοντες προσέφερον καὶ κατὰ λεπτὰ τὰς σάρκας διέξαινον καὶ οὕτως ἀνῄρουν.”1
“Damocritus, historian. On the Judeans· In which he says that they were bowing down to the golden head of a donkey and that, hunting a foreigner (xenos) every seven years, they were making an offering of him, tearing his flesh into thin strips, and in this way killing him.”
Some of the earliest mentions of Jewish ritual murder are found in the works of two prominent intellectual figures from the first century B.C., Poseidonius and Apollonius Molon.2 These scholars served as sources for Apion, who recounted the remarkable story that when Antiochus Epiphanes entered the Jewish temple in Jerusalem in 169 B.C., he encountered a Greek captive who revealed that he was being prepared for sacrifice.3
The following passage is from the writings of the Hellenized Egyptian sophist and grammarian, Apion Pleistoneices:
“Antiochus found in the temple a table, on which a man was reclining [...] he stretched out his right hand and implored him to set him free. He said that he was a Greek and that, while traveling about the province for his livelihood, he was suddenly kidnapped by men of a foreign race and conveyed to the temple; there he was shut up and seen by nobody, but was fattened on feasts [...] He heard of the unutterable law of the Jews, for the sake of which he was being fed. The practice was repeated annually at a fixed season. They would kidnap a Greek foreigner, fatten him up and then convey him to a wood, where they slew him, sacrificed his body with their customary ritual, partook of his flesh, and, while immolating the Greek, swore an oath of hostility to the Greeks.”4
The quantity of reported incidents recorded in historical texts is extensive, making it impossible to cover every case within the scope of a single article. One compilation has documented 135 such incidents,5 while another source cites as many as 159.6 In the remainder of this article, I will present a selection of these cases, focusing specifically on those mentioned in multiple sources to ensure their historical validity.
1071 A.D. - During the celebration of Passover, a group of Jews residing in Blois, a town in France, carried out the ritual crucifixion of a Christian child. According to the accounts, after the child had died, they callously placed his body into a sack and, in an attempt to dispose of the evidence, cast the sack into the waters of the nearby Loire River.7 Upon learning of this heinous crime, Count Theobald decreed that those involved in the act be sentenced to death by burning.89
1144 A.D. - On March 20, a twelve-year-old boy named William disappeared. The last time William was seen alive by his family was on Holy Tuesday when he went into the house of a local Jew for work.10 His body was discovered days later in Thorpe Wood, near Norwich. Thomas of Monmouth, a monk who would later document the events, stated that the local Jewish community kidnapped William and murdered him in a ritualistic fashion.11 On Good Friday, William had been tortured, with his body pierced by sharp instruments, and was ultimately crucified in a manner resembling the Passion of Christ.12 William of Norwich was unofficially canonized by the local populace, and his tomb evolved into a significant pilgrimage site. Numerous reports of miracles associated with his shrine further reinforced his veneration as a martyr.13
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1168 A.D. - The body of a child martyr, identified as Harold of Gloucester, was discovered floating in a river.14 According to historian Anna Sapir Abulafia, local Benedictine monks stated that Harold had been abducted by members of the Jewish community on February 21st and subsequently tortured to death on the night of March 16th. The monks asserted that physical marks on the child's body indicated he had been forced to wear a crown of thorns and may have undergone some form of crucifixion.15 At the time of the incident, the Jewish community was reportedly gathered in Gloucester for a brit milah (circumcision ceremony). The chronicler of Saint Peter’s Monastery in Gloucester recounted the event, stating that the crime was in fact committed by Jews, who disposed of the body in the Severn River.16
1179 A.D. - On March 25th in Pontoise, France, within the cellar of the local castle, a twelve-year-old Christian child named Richard was subjected to brutal torture by members of the Jewish community.17 He was then affixed to a cross, where he was slowly bled to death amid the mocking cries of a frenzied Jewish crowd. Following his death, Richard's body was transported to the Church of the Holy Innocents in Paris, where it became the object of veneration as that of a martyr.18 French Renaissance humanist and philosopher Robert Gaguin, in his 1498 work titled “The Passion of Richard of Pontoise”, asserts that Richard's martyrdom persuaded King Philip Augustus to liberate France from the Jews and, in particular, from the oppressive claws of Jewish money lending.19
1181 A.D. - On Good Friday, in the town of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, the Jews murdered a child by the name of Robert. English monk and poet John Lydgate wrote a poem entitled “Prayer for St. Robert”,20 in which he states that Jews have kidnapped the child, tortured him, and then crucified him over Easter in a parody of Jesus's death. He is known as “Robert of Bury”. The hagiography of Robert was written but no copies have been found.21
1220 A.D. - On June 29, in Weissenburg, Alsace, a child named Heinrich was killed by members of the Jewish community. The child's blood was extracted through piercings and incisions as part of their ritual practices. The crime was uncovered by chance, resulting in the condemnation of 140 Jews, who were subsequently sentenced to death by burning.2223
1225 A.D. - In Munich, a woman, lured by the promise of Jewish gold, abducted a young child from her neighbor. The child was murdered by several members of the Jewish community, who drained the blood from the victim. After being apprehended during her second attempt at such a crime, the woman was handed over to the judicial authorities. As a result of this heinous act, a substantial number of individuals from the Jewish community involved in the crime were executed by burning.24
1235 A.D. - On Christmas Day, two Jews from Fulda ritually murdered five boys who were near a mill. The perpetrators collected the boys' blood in a pre-prepared pouch and set fire to the mill in an attempt to conceal their crime. The bodies of the deceased children were brought as corpora delicti to the Emperor Frederick II at the Reichspfalz, which incited widespread anger among the populace. However, the Emperor, responded dismissively, stating:
“Si mortui sunt, ite, sepelite eos, quia ad aliud non valent”25
“If they are dead, then go and bury them, for they are of no further use.”
Despite the Emperor's indifferent stance, the citizens of Fulda, supported by crusaders present in the city, took matters into their own hands, resulting in the killing of 32 Jewish men and women. After receiving a significant payment from the Jewish community,26 the Emperor appeared to be persuaded of their innocence. Following the Jewish community's acquittal, they were granted an imperial letter of protection that prohibited anyone from making further accusations against them.27 To “ascertain the truth”, individuals who had converted from Judaism to Christianity and were knowledgeable in Jewish law were summoned from various regions. These “experts” concluded that these accusations were false.28
1247 A.D. – In the small town of Valréas, on March 29, during Easter week, a two-year-old girl was subjected to severe mutilation and bloodletting after being nailed to a cross. As a result of swift actions, several Jews from the region were apprehended and subsequently convicted. When questioned, one of the accused, Burcellas, explained that the blood was intended for a ritual reminiscent of the ancient practice where the Kohen Gadol sprinkled the blood of a bull upon the altar. Another accused, Lucius, elaborated that if a child was obtained, the blood would be used in a form of ritual sacrifice, with a portion being sent to other Jewish communities. He also mentioned that the child was originally intended to be crucified on Good Friday, but circumstances forced them to act earlier, leading to the child’s death on the night of Wednesday.29 In contrast to some historical accounts, The Jewish Encyclopedia claims that members of the Jewish community confessed only after being tortured.30
1250 A.D. - In Saragossa, Spain, during Passover, a seven-year-old altar boy named Dominguito, was kidnapped and nailed to a wall by members of the Jewish community.31 The Jews of Saragossa had adopted the dogma that everyone who delivered a child for sacrifice would be freed from all taxes and debts. For this reason, Moses Albay-Huzet (also called Albajucetto) delivered the seven-year-old Dominguito del Val to the Jews for the ritual.32 His body was later found on the banks of the Ebro River.33 His remains were interred in the cathedral and are venerated as holy relics in the “Chapel of Santo Dominguito del Val”. Dominguito is honored as a saint, with his feast day celebrated on August 31 in the diocese of Saragossa.34
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1255 A.D. - On July 27, in Lincoln, a group of Jews abducted an eight-year-old boy named Hugh. They held him captive in a hidden chamber and summoned Jews from across the country to participate in a sacrificial ritual intended to mock the crucifixion of Christ. Hugh's brutal torture, designed to mirror the suffering of Christ, ultimately led to his crucifixion and death. After his death, his body was disemboweled.3536 A Jewish man named Copin admitted involvement in the killing. A month after Copin's arrest and confession, King Henry III personally traveled to Lincoln. Upon his arrival, he ordered the execution of Copin and eighteen other Jews.37 Miracles were attributed to Hugh, he was locally revered as “Little Saint Hugh” and his feast day was informally set for July 27, but he was never officially canonized.38 A shrine was created after the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290, partly funded by Edward I.39 A ballad was composed in his memory, the traditional British folk song “Sir Hugh” (Child Ballad No.155, Roud No.73), also called “The Jew's Garden”.40
1267 A.D. - In the town of Pforzheim, located in Baden, a seven-year-old girl named Margaretha was subjected to a horrific ordeal by members of the local Jewish community. Her body was wounded at every joint, and her blood was then extracted and carefully collected. After the atrocity, her body was weighed down with stones and cast into a nearby river.41 A few days later, the child’s remains were discovered by fishermen who noticed a hand protruding from the water. Those Jews found guilty of the crime were sentenced to be broken on the wheel and then hanged. Two of the accused reportedly strangled each other to avoid facing the punishment.42 Margaretha's mutilated body was later buried in a stone casket within the castle church at Pforzheim. The grave was opened in 1507 in the presence of Cardinal Bernhard, and the corpse was found to be remarkably well-preserved. The gravestone, which remains in the castle church at Pforzheim, explicitly records that the child was killed by Jews, providing the exact date of the event.4344
1287 A.D. - In April, in the city of Oberwesel, a young boy named Werner endured prolonged and brutal torture, ultimately leading to his death from excessive blood loss.45 Werner, a 14-year-old laborer, was lured by Jews under the pretext of having him clean a cellar. Werner was dragged into the cellar, where he was gagged and bound head-down to a wooden frame. His captors proceeded to lash him, opened his veins with his own knife, and drained his blood, leaving him hanging until it was fully extracted.46 The judge of Oberwesel was reportedly bribed, allowing the perpetrators, including their Rabbi, to escape justice, which incited widespread unrest and led to the persecution of Jewish communities in Oberwesel.
Emperor Rudolf I von Habsburg ordered Archbishop Heinrich of Mainz to deliver a sermon stating that Christians had wronged the Jews and that Werner’s body should be burned, with the ashes scattered.47 During the Archbishop's sermon, over 500 armed Jews were present to silence any Christian objections.48 This event inspired the construction of the “St. Werner's Chapel” as a memorial. Although royal orders mandated the burning of Werner's body to prevent veneration, he was instead buried on April 30, 1287. Reports of alleged miracles soon followed, and known as “Werner of Oberwesel,” he was venerated in the Diocese of Trier until 1963.49
1288 A.D. - On April 17th, during the Easter period, the Jewish community in Bern was involved in the abduction and ritual murder of a young boy named Rudolf. The child was subjected to severe torture and ultimately killed by having his throat cut in a cellar. The main perpetrators were executed by being broken on the wheel, and their accomplices were expelled from the city. The Bernese council then decided to prohibit Jews from residing in the city. Rudolf was subsequently canonized by the Church.50 For several centuries, his grave in the parish church in Bern was a site of pilgrimage, “until the new Gospel, as those who believe differently like to say, came into fashion, and the original reason of all this taken away…”51
1303 A.D. - During Easter, members of the Jewish community in Weißensee, Thuringia, were involved in the abduction and murder of a young boy named Conrad Bächerer. The child was subjected to extreme brutality: his muscles were severely cut, his veins were opened, and his blood was drained from his body.52 Following this, his corpse was desecrated and hung in a vineyard as an act of mockery. In response to these events, a military unit led by Friedrich,53 the son of Landgraf Albert of Thuringia, conducted a raid against those implicated in the crime and executed them.
1305 A.D. - During the Easter season in Prague, members of the Jewish community crucified a boy who, driven by poverty, had been forced to serve them. The boy was stripped naked and nailed to a cross, where he was subjected to relentless flogging until he ultimately bled to death.54 The outrage among the local population was so intense that they took matters into their own hands by attacking the Jewish Quarter and enacting a violent reprisal that resulted in the massacre of the entire Jewish population of Prague.55
1331 A.D. - In the town of Überlingen, members of the Jewish community were involved in the death of a local citizen’s son, identified as the child of a man named Frey. The discovery of the boy's body at the bottom of a well revealed multiple incisions, indicating the extraction of his blood prior to his death.56 Following the discovery, the local authorities, without awaiting the approval of the Emperor, who was known for his favorable stance toward the Jewish community, took swift action.57 The regional authorities carried out the execution of the Jews deemed responsible for the crime by imprisoning them within a large stone building, where a fire was ignited on the lower floors. Those who sought to escape by jumping from the roof were swiftly killed by the mob that had gathered below. Additionally, reports have surfaced regarding alleged miracles associated with the remains of the child martyr.58
1345 A.D. - In Munich, Jews subjected a young child named Heinrich to a brutal and violent death. They meticulously drained all his blood through a series of piercings and incisions, opening his veins and inflicting over sixty stab wounds.59 The atrocity was uncovered by chance, leading to the conviction of several Jews who were sentenced to be executed by fire.60 In the aftermath of this atrocity, the church canonized Heinrich.61
1394 A.D. - On September 17, King Charles VI of France issued a decree ordering the permanent exile of the Jews, the forfeiture of all their claims, and the confiscation of their real estate, citing incidents of ritual murders of children and other intrigues injurious to the community.6263
1429 A.D. - A young boy named Ludwig von Bruck, the son of a Swiss man from Ravensburg, Württemberg, was ritually murdered during a Jewish feast. The boy was serving as a scullion in a Jewish household. Three Jews, Aaron, Anselm, and Moses conspired to murder him. They bribed a driver to transport his body in a sack to the forest of Haslach, where other Jews participated in stabbing and hanging the body from a tree, subjecting it to various ritual tortures and sexual violations. The driver later confessed, leading to his execution by the wheel, while Aaron, Anselm, Moses, and the rest were burned alive. The relics of the murdered boy are preserved in the chapel of St. Vitus, on the mountain south of Ravensburg.6465
1442 A.D. - On Good Friday, a four-year-old girl named Ursula Pöck disappeared in Lienz, Tyrol.66 After an extensive search over several days, her body was eventually discovered in a creek, covered in puncture wounds and completely drained of blood. Subsequent investigations led to the arrest of several Jews in Lienz as suspects in the murder. A Christian woman, Margaret Praitschedlin, confessed to luring the child to the Jews in exchange for money.67 Samuel, the Jew who first assaulted the child and inflicted the most severe injuries, was executed by being broken on the wheel.68 Praitschedlin, along with two elderly Jewish women, was burned at the stake. Following these events, Jews were permanently prohibited from entering the city of Lienz. In 1494, the Emperor issued the “Edict of Schwäbischwerd of 1496”, mandating their expulsion. Among the reasons cited for this action:
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“Jews have pitifully tortured Christian children and used their blood for their damnable substance […] There is almost no land, and in each land, hardly one region to be found, in which the Jewish cruelty has not washed its murderous hands in the blood of innocent Christian children.”6970
The inscription at her grave in the cemetery of the city parish church read: “Thomas Pöck had this made to the memory of his daughter Ursula, whom the Jews tortured on Good Friday and who lies buried here.”71
1452 A.D. - In Savona, several members of the Jewish community were involved in the killing of a two-year-old child. The body of the child was punctured repeatedly, and the blood was collected in vessels typically used during circumcision rituals. The blood-drained corpse was then discarded into a cesspool.72 An eyewitness, the young son of the physician Salomon of Genoa, later recounted the event. He recounted how one individual held the child by the right arm, another by the left, and a third by the head, while a fourth used a sharp instrument to stab the child’s belly and heart. As the child succumbed, blood was collected in a basin, and the body was hidden away. They ate fruits, such as apples and berries, after dipping them in the collected blood.73 The witness claimed to have consumed some of this, and the horror of the experience overwhelmed him so much that he was unable to eat for two days.74
1453 A.D. - In Breslau, a group of Jews lured a child to them and, over time, fed him to prepare him for a ritual sacrifice. They placed the child inside a barrel outfitted with nails. This barrel was then rolled back and forth repeatedly until the nails had pierced the child's body in multiple places, effectively causing the child's blood to be drained.75 This gruesome ritual was later confirmed by a local Jewish woman who had converted to Christianity.76
1462 A.D. - In July, ten Jewish merchants traveling through the Inn Valley made an agreement with Hans Mair, a farmer from Rinn near Innsbruck. Mair, the godfather and uncle of three-year-old Andreas Oxner, agreed to hand over the boy to the merchants in exchange for gold.77 The boy’s mother, working as a harvester in Amras, had entrusted Andreas to Mair's care. After she left, Mair signaled the merchants, who then entered his home, paid him the agreed sum, and took the child.78 The merchants, accompanied by a rabbi, performed a ritual sacrifice on a stone block, (which survives in historical tradition today as the “Jew-stone”) in a nearby birch forest, with Andreas as the victim. The boy was circumcised, bled, and his body desecrated before being hung on a tree. The murderers escaped, and Mair eventually went mad, confined to his home.79
Andreas was initially buried in Rinn’s cemetery, later moved to a niche where his story is immortalized in image and inscription.80 The cult of the child martyr Andreas of Rinn has endured to this day. The Diocese of Brixen celebrates his feast on July 12th, honoring him as its patron.81 Today, Judenstein is a district of the village of Rinn, Austria, in the state of Tyrol. The church dedicated to Andreas is lavishly decorated with paintings and contains the large stone within the nave of the church.82
1468 A.D. - On Good Friday, in the Spanish city of Sepulveda, under the direction of Rabbi Solomon Picho, a young Christian girl was nailed to a cross, and her body was pierced in multiple places.83 After a thorough examination of the evidence and testimonies, the principal Jewish perpetrators were sentenced to death. Those who participated in the torture were divided into two groups: one group was condemned to death by hanging and breaking on the wheel, while the other group was strangled in prison.84 Following these executions, the remaining members of the Jewish community were expelled from the city.85
1475 A.D. - In Trent, just before Easter, a two-year-old boy named Simon went missing. On Good Friday, Simon's father sought assistance from the bishop to locate his son.86 The next day, a cook named Seligman, who worked for a wealthy Jewish man named Samuel, informed the authorities that he had discovered Simon’s body in the water cellar of Samuel’s home (adjacent to the cellar was a hall used as a synagogue).87 Upon examination by local physicians, it was determined that Simon had not died from natural causes but had been drained of blood, potentially in a ritualistic manner.88 The court reached its final verdict, convicting fifteen members of the Jewish community, including Samuel, of the murder of Simon of Trent. They were sentenced to death and subsequently burned at the stake.89
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, actively supported the veneration of Simon of Trent and commissioned a silver monument in the child’s honor.90 When Maximilian was crowned emperor in 1508, he had Simon's relics carried in a ceremonial procession. Later, in 1588, Pope Sixtus V officially acknowledged the local devotion to Simon, granting it recognition that was effectively similar to a decree of beatification.91
1480 A.D. - In the Portobuffolé region, a seven-year-old boy named Sebastiano Novello from Bergamo was brutally murdered by several Jews, which drained his blood. Their guilt was proven beyond doubt during extensive and lengthy hearings. Subsequently, on St. Mark's Place in Venice, in front of the Doge's Palace, the perpetrators were publicly executed by burning.9293 Sebastiano was later canonized. The Italian humanist from Verona, Georgio Sommariva, wrote the text: “Martyrium Sebastiani Novelli trucidati a perfidis Judeis” (The Martyrdom of Sebastiano Novello, Butchered by the Treacherous Jews), which was composed in verse and printed in Treviso in 1480.94
1485 A.D. - During Holy Week in early April, five-year-old Lorenzino Sossio was tortured and murdered in a ritualistic manner by members of the Jewish community of Bassano, in the city of Vicenza (Marostica).9596 This event triggered the expulsion of Jews from Vicenza and its surrounding territories, as decreed by Doge Marco Barbarigo on April 21, 1486.97 Reports of miracles associated with Lorenzino’s body soon followed,98 and he became venerated as “Blessed Lorenzino Sossio”. Pope Pius IX officially beatified him on September 5, 1867, and his liturgical feast was celebrated annually on April 15 in the dioceses of Padua and Vicenza.99 This veneration continued until 1965, when the Second Vatican Council ordered its suppression.100
1486 A.D. - In the city of Regensburg, a disturbing incident involving the ritualistic torture and murder of six Christian children by members of the local Jewish community was reported.101 The bodies of the six victims were discovered in the cellar of a house owned by a Jewish man identified as Josfol.102 During the subsequent investigation, authorities uncovered a large stone block positioned in a manner resembling an altar at the same location. Notably, traces of blood were found on the surface of the stone, further heightening suspicions of ritualistic practices associated with the crime.103
1491 A.D. - On Good Friday, in Guardia near Toledo, a small child was nailed to a cross by members of the Jewish community, after he had been stabbed and scourged.104 Some reports suggest that, as part of the horrific act, the child's heart was removed, purportedly for ritualistic purposes. The child was canonized and is known as “El Santo Niño de La Guardia” (Holy Child of La Guardia). On November 16, 1491, an auto-da-fé was held outside of Ávila that ended in the public execution of several Jews and conversos. The suspects had confessed to murdering the child. Among the executed were Benito García, the converso who initially confessed to the murder.105 This incident was used by Isabella I as one of the reasons for the expulsion of the Jews after the fall of Granada in 1492.106
1494 A.D. - In the town of Tyrnau in Hungary, an incident occurred involving several members of the Jewish community, including two women. They abducted a young child and transported him to a secluded house. After forcibly silencing the child, they methodically incised the child's veins, carefully draining the blood with precision until every drop had been extracted. A portion of this blood was preserved for later use. Following this, the child's body was dismembered.107 During a subsequent search of the houses belonging to the Jewish community, traces of blood were found in one residence. This discovery led to the arrest of those involved in the crime.108 Upon interrogation, the Jewish women who were questioned first confessed to the act, providing detailed accounts of the events that transpired. Following their confessions, fourteen Jews were sentenced to death by burning.109
1510 A.D. - In Berlin, the Jews Salomon, Jacob, Aaron, Levi Isaac, Rabbi Mosch, and the butcher Jacob were accused of buying a four-year-old Christian boy for 10 florins from a stranger, laying him on a table in a cellar, and puncturing him with needles in the large, blood-rich veins until he was finally slaughtered by the butcher Jacob. An enormous trial began, and eventually, a hundred Jews were locked in the Berlin prison. They partially admitted to having bought Christian children from strangers, stabbing them, draining their blood, and drinking the blood in case of illness or preserving it with tomatoes, ginger, and honey. No fewer than 41 of the accused Jews were sentenced to death by burning after their confession. All the other Jews were banished from the Mark of Brandenburg.110111
1529 A.D. - On Ascension Day in the market town of Bösing, Hungary, several Jews kidnapped a wheelwright's child. They took him to a cellar, drained his blood using quills and tubes, and hid the bottles in the synagogue. The next day, a woman discovered the child's mutilated body in thorn bushes outside the village, with hands bound. Local authorities identified the remains as belonging to a missing child, recognized by the father. The gruesome nature of the death led to suspicion of the Jewish community, especially given previous similar crimes. David Saifmacher confessed that a Jew named Michel had lured the child into his home, where others tortured him. Saifmacher also revealed he had removed the body of another Christian victim five years earlier, corroborated by another Jew, Szecho. Thousands gathered to hear the verdict. The court ordered the execution of thirty Jews from Bösing by burning. Jewish children were taken in by local families and baptized.112113
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